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Q7.8:
While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.

Solution :

Step 1: Structural Analysis of Nitrophenols

To determine the volatility, we must examine the molecular structure of ortho-nitrophenol ($o$-nitrophenol) and para-nitrophenol ($p$-nitrophenol). In $o$-nitrophenol, the hydroxyl group ($-OH$) and the nitro group ($-NO_2$) are situated on adjacent carbon atoms. In $p$-nitrophenol, these groups are positioned at the 1,4-positions of the benzene ring.

Step 2: Identification of Intermolecular Forces

The distinction in steam volatility is governed by the nature of hydrogen bonding:

  • $o$-Nitrophenol: Exhibits intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen atom of the $-OH$ group forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of the adjacent $-NO_2$ group within the same molecule. [Per the principle of chelation].
  • $p$-Nitrophenol: Exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydroxyl hydrogen of one molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen of the nitro group of a neighboring molecule, leading to the formation of molecular associations or chains. [Per the principle of intermolecular association].

Step 3: Comparison of Physical Properties

Isomer Type of Hydrogen Bonding Effect on Boiling Point
$o$-Nitrophenol Intramolecular Lower (Decreased molecular association)
$p$-Nitrophenol Intermolecular Higher (Increased molecular association)

Step 4: Steam Distillation Principle

Steam distillation is a process used to separate substances that are volatile in steam and have high vapor pressure at temperatures near the boiling point of water. Because $o$-nitrophenol molecules are isolated by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, they exhibit lower boiling points and higher vapor pressure compared to $p$-nitrophenol molecules, which are held together by strong intermolecular forces. Consequently, $o$-nitrophenol is steam volatile, while $p$-nitrophenol remains in the aqueous mixture.

o-NP Intra-H-bond p-NP Inter-H-bond

Final Solution: The steam volatile isomer is $o$-nitrophenol. The reason for this is the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which reduces the intermolecular forces between molecules, resulting in a lower boiling point and higher vapor pressure, whereas $p$-nitrophenol is non-steam volatile due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding that causes molecular association.


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