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Q5.27:
Discuss briefly giving an example in each case the role of coordination compounds in: (i) biological systems (iii) analytical chemistry (ii) medicinal chemistry and (iv) extraction/metallurgy of metals.

Solution :

1. Role in Biological Systems

Coordination compounds are essential for the survival of organisms as they serve as prosthetic groups in various enzymes and proteins [Per Biochemistry principles].

  • Chlorophyll: A coordination complex of Magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$) with a porphyrin ring. It is crucial for photosynthesis, capturing light energy [Referenced via Photosynthetic pigment theory].
  • Hemoglobin: A coordination complex of Iron ($Fe^{2+}$) with protoporphyrin. It functions as an oxygen carrier in the bloodstream [By the principle of reversible ligand binding].
  • Vitamin $B_{12}$ (Cyanocobalamin): A complex where Cobalt ($Co^{3+}$) is coordinated with a corrin ring system, essential for red blood cell formation.

2. Role in Medicinal Chemistry

Coordination compounds are employed as therapeutic agents, particularly in oncology and heavy metal toxicity treatment [Per Pharmacology protocols].

  • Cisplatin: The complex cis-$[Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2]$ is a potent anti-cancer drug. It binds to DNA, inhibiting replication in rapidly dividing cancer cells [By the mechanism of DNA cross-linking].
  • EDTA Therapy: Disodium salt of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is used to treat lead or mercury poisoning by forming stable, water-soluble chelate complexes that are excreted in urine [Per Chelation Therapy].

3. Role in Analytical Chemistry

Coordination chemistry facilitates the qualitative and quantitative determination of metal ions through colorimetric changes or precipitation [Per Analytical Chemistry axioms].

  • EDTA Titrations: EDTA is used as a titrant to determine the hardness of water by forming complexes with $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions [By Complexometric titration principle].
  • Dimethylglyoxime (DMG): Forms a distinct red precipitate with Nickel ($Ni^{2+}$) ions in the presence of ammonium hydroxide, acting as a specific spot test for qualitative identification.

4. Role in Extraction/Metallurgy of Metals

Ligands are used to selectively dissolve metals from ores, a process known as hydrometallurgical extraction [Per Extractive Metallurgy standards].

  • Gold and Silver Extraction: Gold is extracted by treating the native ore with dilute $NaCN$ solution in the presence of air, forming a soluble cyano-complex:
    $4Au(s) + 8CN^-(aq) + 2H_2O(aq) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 4[Au(CN)_2]^-(aq) + 4OH^-(aq)$
    The gold is subsequently recovered by reduction with Zinc [By the MacArthur-Forrest process].
  • Mond Process (Nickel): Nickel is purified by reaction with $CO$ to form a volatile complex, $[Ni(CO)_4]$, which is then thermally decomposed to obtain pure metal.
Hemoglobin Oâ‚‚ Transport Cisplatin Cancer Therapy

Final Solution: Coordination compounds are indispensable to biological systems (e.g., Hemoglobin), medicinal applications (e.g., Cisplatin for cancer), analytical detection (e.g., EDTA for water analysis), and industrial metallurgy (e.g., Cyanide process for gold extraction).


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