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Q5.9(ii):
How many geometrical isomers are possible in the following coordination entities? \([Co(NH_{3})_{3}Cl_{3}]\)

Solution :

1. Analysis of the Coordination Entity

The given coordination entity is $[Co(NH_{3})_{3}Cl_{3}]$. The central metal ion is Cobalt ($Co^{3+}$), which is coordinated by six ligands: three ammine groups ($NH_{3}$) and three chloride ions ($Cl^{-}$). This is an octahedral complex with the general formula $MA_{3}B_{3}$.

2. Geometrical Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes ($MA_{3}B_{3}$)

For an octahedral complex of the type $MA_{3}B_{3}$, geometrical isomerism arises based on the relative spatial arrangement of the identical ligands. Two distinct isomers are possible: the fac (facial) isomer and the mer (meridional) isomer.

3. Structural Differentiation

  • Facial (fac) Isomer: The three identical ligands occupy the corners of one triangular face of the octahedron. In this configuration, each identical ligand is cis to the other two identical ligands of the same type. [Per IUPAC coordination nomenclature and stereochemical conventions].
  • Meridional (mer) Isomer: The three identical ligands are arranged in a meridian around the central metal atom. In this configuration, one of the three identical ligands is trans to another of the same type. [Per stereochemical principles of coordination geometry].

4. Visual Representation

fac-isomer NH₃ NH₃ NH₃ mer-isomer NH₃ NH₃ NH₃

5. Tabular Summary of Isomers

Isomer Type Description Symmetry
Facial (fac) Identical ligands occupy a triangular face. $C_{3v}$
Meridional (mer) Identical ligands span a meridian. $C_{2v}$

Final Solution: There are 2 geometrical isomers possible for the coordination entity $[Co(NH_{3})_{3}Cl_{3}]$.


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