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Q5.26:
What is meant by the chelate effect? Give an example.

Solution :

1. Definition of the Chelate Effect

The chelate effect refers to the significantly enhanced stability of a coordination complex containing one or more polydentate (chelating) ligands as compared to a similar complex containing an equivalent number of monodentate ligands. When a multidentate ligand coordinates to a central metal ion to form a ring structure, the resulting complex exhibits greater thermodynamic stability, evidenced by a larger formation constant ($\beta$ or $K_f$).

2. Thermodynamic Basis: The Entropy Factor

The stability is primarily driven by the change in Gibbs Free Energy ($\Delta G^\circ = \Delta H^\circ - T\Delta S^\circ$). [Per the Second Law of Thermodynamics, a reaction is spontaneous if $\Delta G^\circ < 0$].

  • Entropy ($\Delta S^\circ$): The formation of a chelate complex leads to an increase in the number of free molecules in the system. When polydentate ligands replace monodentate ligands (e.g., $NH_3$ or $H_2O$), the number of particles increases, causing an increase in translational entropy ($\Delta S^\circ > 0$).
  • Enthalpy ($\Delta H^\circ$): The enthalpy change is typically negligible compared to the entropy factor, but the overall negative $\Delta G^\circ$ is dominated by the positive $-T\Delta S^\circ$ term.

3. Comparative Analysis: Ethylene-1,2-diamine vs. Ammonia

Consider the substitution of ammonia ligands with ethylenediamine (en) in a nickel(II) complex:

Reaction Ligand Type No. of Particles
$[Ni(NH_3)_6]^{2+} + 3en \rightarrow [Ni(en)_3]^{2+} + 6NH_3$ Bidentate (en) vs Monodentate ($NH_3$) 4 particles $\rightarrow$ 7 particles

Because the product side has 7 particles versus the reactant side's 4, $\Delta S^\circ$ is positive, making the reaction thermodynamically favorable. [Reference: Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation].

4. Schematic Representation of Chelate Ring Formation

Ni H₂N—CH₂—CH₂—NH₂ Chelate Ring formation (5-membered)

5. Example: $[Cu(en)_2]^{2+}$

In the complex $[Cu(NH_3)_4]^{2+}$, the ammonia ligands are monodentate and can be easily displaced. However, in $[Cu(en)_2]^{2+}$, the ethylenediamine (ethane-1,2-diamine) ligand acts as a bidentate ligand. It anchors itself to the $Cu^{2+}$ ion at two coordination sites simultaneously, forming a stable five-membered ring structure. The breaking of this complex requires the rupture of two coordinated bonds simultaneously, which is kinetically and thermodynamically less probable than the displacement of monodentate ligands.

Final Solution: The chelate effect is the observation that chelate complexes are more stable than their non-chelated analogs due to the positive entropy change associated with the displacement of monodentate ligands by polydentate ones, which increases the number of independent particles in the solution. An example is the formation of $[Ni(en)_3]^{2+}$ from $[Ni(NH_3)_6]^{2+}$, where the chelate effect ensures the stability of the tris(ethylenediamine)nickel(II) complex.


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