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Q2.3:
A calorie is a unit of heat (energy in transit) and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1 kg m$^2$ s$^{–2}$. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals $\alpha$ kg, the unit of length equals $\beta$ m, the unit of time is $\gamma$ s. Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 $\alpha^{–1} \beta^{–2} \gamma^2$ in terms of the new units.

Solution :

Step 1: Dimensional Analysis of Energy

The physical quantity in question is energy (heat). The dimensions of energy are derived from the formula $E = \text{force} \times \text{displacement} = \text{mass} \times \text{acceleration} \times \text{displacement}$.

Dimensional formula: $[M^1 L^2 T^{-2}]$

[Per the principle of dimensional homogeneity, any energy value $E$ can be expressed as $M^a L^b T^c$, where $a=1, b=2, c=-2$.]

Step 2: Defining the Two Systems of Units

Let the two systems be System 1 (SI) and System 2 (New System).

  • System 1 (SI): Mass $M_1 = 1\text{ kg}$, Length $L_1 = 1\text{ m}$, Time $T_1 = 1\text{ s}$.
  • System 2 (New): Mass $M_2 = \alpha\text{ kg}$, Length $L_2 = \beta\text{ m}$, Time $T_2 = \gamma\text{ s}$.

Step 3: Applying the Conversion Formula

The magnitude of a physical quantity remains constant across systems: $n_1 u_1 = n_2 u_2$.

Therefore, $n_2 = n_1 \left( \frac{M_1}{M_2} \right)^a \left( \frac{L_1}{L_2} \right)^b \left( \frac{T_1}{T_2} \right)^c$.

[By the conversion property of physical quantities.]

Step 4: Algebraic Substitution

Given $n_1 = 4.2$ (the value of 1 calorie in Joules), substitute the values into the formula:

$n_2 = 4.2 \left( \frac{1\text{ kg}}{\alpha\text{ kg}} \right)^1 \left( \frac{1\text{ m}}{\beta\text{ m}} \right)^2 \left( \frac{1\text{ s}}{\gamma\text{ s}} \right)^{-2}$

Step 5: Simplification

Process the exponents:

$n_2 = 4.2 \cdot (\alpha)^{-1} \cdot (\beta)^{-2} \cdot (\gamma)^{-(-2)}$

$n_2 = 4.2 \cdot \alpha^{-1} \cdot \beta^{-2} \cdot \gamma^2$

Visual Representation of Dimensional Scaling

System 1 (SI) System 2 (New) Conversion Factor: [M/α][L/β]²[T/γ]⁻²

Final Solution: The magnitude of a calorie in the new system of units is $4.2 \alpha^{-1} \beta^{-2} \gamma^2$.


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