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Q3(i):
Factorise the following using appropriate identities: (i) $9x^2 + 6xy + y^2$

Solution :

Initial Setup & Expression Analysis

We are tasked with factorising the following algebraic polynomial:

$9x^2 + 6xy + y^2$

To factorise this expression efficiently, we must analyze its structural properties. The polynomial consists of three terms (a trinomial). Our primary objective is to determine if it conforms to the structure of a perfect square trinomial, which can be factorised using standard algebraic identities.

Step 1: Decomposing the Terms into Perfect Squares

We begin by examining the first and third terms to see if they can be expressed as perfect squares [Per the fundamental properties of exponents].

  • First Term: The term $9x^2$ consists of a constant $9$ and a variable $x^2$. Since $3^2 = 9$, we can rewrite this term as the square of a single monomial:
    $9x^2 = (3x)^2$
  • Third Term: The term $y^2$ is already a perfect square and can be explicitly written as:
    $y^2 = (y)^2$

Step 2: Verifying the Middle Term

For a trinomial to be classified as a perfect square trinomial, the middle term must be exactly twice the product of the bases of the squared terms identified in Step 1.

Let us define our base variables based on the standard identity structure:

  • Let $a = 3x$
  • Let $b = y$

Now, we calculate the theoretical middle term, $2ab$:

$2ab = 2 \cdot (3x) \cdot (y)$

$2ab = 6xy$

This calculated product perfectly matches the middle term of our given polynomial ($6xy$). Therefore, the expression is confirmed to be a perfect square trinomial.

Step 3: Applying the Standard Algebraic Identity

Having verified the structure, we apply the First Algebraic Identity for the square of a binomial [By the binomial expansion theorem]:

$a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = (a + b)^2$

Substituting our specific values ($a = 3x$ and $b = y$) into the identity:

$(3x)^2 + 2(3x)(y) + (y)^2 = (3x + y)^2$

Expanding the squared binomial into its linear factors yields:

$(3x + y)^2 = (3x + y)(3x + y)$

Geometric Proof & Visualization

The algebraic identity $(a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2$ can be rigorously proven using area models in Euclidean geometry. Below is the geometric representation of our specific polynomial, where the total area of a square with side length $(3x + y)$ is equal to the sum of the areas of its four internal rectangular regions.

9x² 3xy 3xy y² 3x y 3x y

As demonstrated by the geometric model, the total area is the sum of the individual regions: $9x^2 + 3xy + 3xy + y^2 = 9x^2 + 6xy + y^2$, which perfectly corresponds to a square of side $(3x + y)$.

Final Solution: The completely factorised form of the polynomial $9x^2 + 6xy + y^2$ is $(3x + y)(3x + y)$, which is most concisely written as $(3x + y)^2$.


More Questions from Class 9 Mathematics Polynomials EXERCISE 2.4


CBSE Solutions for Class 9 Mathematics Polynomials


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