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Q6.22(iv):
What happens when (iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous ( KOH ),

Solution :

Step 1: Identification of Reactants and Reaction Type

The reaction involves ethyl chloride ($CH_3CH_2Cl$) and aqueous potassium hydroxide ($KOH$).

  • Substrate: Ethyl chloride ($CH_3CH_2Cl$), a primary alkyl halide ($1^\circ$).
  • Reagent: Aqueous $KOH$ acts as a source of hydroxide ions ($OH^-$), which are strong nucleophiles.
  • Reaction Mechanism: The reaction proceeds via the $S_N2$ (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) mechanism, as the primary carbocation intermediate is unstable and the primary carbon is sterically unhindered. [Per the kinetics of primary alkyl halides].

Step 2: Chemical Equation Formulation

The hydroxide ion attacks the $\alpha$-carbon atom bearing the chlorine atom from the backside, displacing the chloride ion as a leaving group.

Chemical Equation:

$CH_3CH_2Cl(aq) + KOH(aq) \xrightarrow{\Delta} CH_3CH_2OH(aq) + KCl(aq)$

Step 3: Structural Representation of the Transformation

The reaction results in the conversion of the haloalkane into an alcohol through nucleophilic substitution.

CH₃-CH₂-Cl + OH⁻ CH₃-CH₂-OH + Cl⁻

Step 4: Reaction Analysis

Feature Description
Nucleophile $OH^-$ ion from aqueous $KOH$ dissociates completely in water.
Leaving Group $Cl^-$ is a good leaving group due to its low basicity.
Product Class The product formed is Ethanol ($CH_3CH_2OH$).

Justification: Aqueous $KOH$ provides an environment favorable for substitution. Conversely, alcoholic $KOH$ would have promoted a dehydrohalogenation reaction (elimination), yielding ethene. [Per the competing pathways of substitution vs. elimination in alkyl halides].

Final Solution: The treatment of ethyl chloride with aqueous KOH results in the formation of ethanol and potassium chloride through a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The balanced chemical equation is: $CH_3CH_2Cl + KOH(aq) \rightarrow CH_3CH_2OH + KCl$.


More Questions from Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Exercises


CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes


Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Chemistry


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