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Q1:
Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Solution :
Definition and Physiological Basis of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is defined as the total volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per unit of time (typically expressed in milliliters per minute, $mL/min$). It represents the efficiency of the renal corpuscles in filtering blood plasma, excluding blood cells and large proteins, across the glomerular capillary wall into the Bowman's capsule.
Step 1: Quantifying the Filtration Volume
In a healthy adult human, the average GFR is approximately $125\ mL/min$, which translates to roughly $180\ liters$ per day. [Per the physiological principles of renal clearance, the GFR serves as a primary indicator of renal functional health.]
Step 2: Structural Determinants of GFR
The GFR is determined by the interplay of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across the filtration membrane, governed by the Starling equation:
$GFR = K_f \times [(P_{gc} - P_{bc}) - (\pi_{gc} - \pi_{bc})]$
Where:
- $K_f$: Filtration coefficient (permeability of the membrane).
- $P_{gc}$: Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.
- $P_{bc}$: Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure.
- $\pi_{gc}$: Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure.
Visual Representation: The Glomerular Filtration Unit
Step 3: Regulatory Mechanisms
The kidney maintains a stable GFR through intrinsic autoregulation:
- Myogenic Mechanism: Adjustment of afferent arteriole diameter in response to stretch.
- Tubuloglomerular Feedback: The macula densa cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) monitor NaCl concentration in the distal tubule and signal the afferent arteriole to constrict or dilate [per Homeostatic Feedback Loop requirements].
Final Solution: The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys, averaging $125\ mL/min$ in healthy human adults, serving as a critical measure of nephron filtration performance.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Excretory Products and Elimination EXERCISES
- Q2: Explain the autoregulatory mechanism of GFR.
- Q3(a): Indicate whether the following statements are true or false : (a) Micturition is carried out by a reflex.
- Q3(b): Indicate whether the following statements are true or false : (b) ADH helps in water elimination, making the urine hypotonic.
- Q3(c): Indicate whether the following statements are true or false : (c) Protein-free fluid is filtered from blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.
- Q3(d): Indicate whether the following statements are true or false : (d) Henle’s loop plays an important role in concentrating the urine.
- Q3(e): Indicate whether the following statements are true or false : (e) Glucose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
- Q4: Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism.
- Q5: Describe the role of liver, lungs and skin in excretion.
- Q6: Explain micturition.
- Q7: Match the items of column I with those of column II : Column I Column II (a) Ammonotelism (i) Birds (b) Bowman’s capsule (ii) Water reabsorption (c) Micturition (iii) Bony fish (d) Uricotelism (iv) Urinary bladder (e) ADH (v) Renal tubule
- Q8: What is meant by the term osmoregulation?
- Q9: Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why ?
- Q10: What is the significance of juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) in kidney function?
- Q11(a): Name the following: (a) A chordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures
- Q11(b): Name the following: (b) Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney
- Q11(c): Name the following: (c) A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henle’s loop.
- Q12(a): Fill in the gaps : (a) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is _______ to water whereas the descending limb is _______ to it.
- Q12(b): Fill in the gaps : (b) Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by hormone _______.
- Q12(c): Fill in the gaps : (c) Dialysis fluid contain all the constituents as in plasma except _______.
- Q12(d): Fill in the gaps : (d) A healthy adult human excretes (on an average) _______ gm of urea/day.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Excretory Products and Elimination
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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