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Q11(c):
Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
Solution :
1. Biochemical Definition of Chitinase
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is a specialized hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds in chitin. Chitin, a long-chain polymer of $N$-acetylglucosamine, is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall and the exoskeleton of arthropods [Per the definition of biochemical catalysis].
2. Reaction Mechanism
The enzyme functions by facilitating the hydrolysis of the $\beta(1\to4)$-linked $N$-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The chemical reaction can be summarized as follows:
$(C_{8}H_{13}O_{5}N)_{n} + nH_{2}O \xrightarrow{\text{Chitinase}} n(C_{8}H_{15}O_{6}N)$
This reaction effectively degrades the rigid polymer into smaller oligosaccharides or the monomeric unit, $N$-acetylglucosamine [By the Enzyme-Substrate Complex Theory].
3. Role in Recombinant DNA Technology
In the context of biotechnology, Chitinase serves as a critical tool for the isolation of genetic material (DNA) from fungal cells. The extraction process necessitates the removal of cellular barriers to release the intracellular contents:
- Cell Wall Disruption: Fungal cells possess a thick, rigid cell wall composed of chitin. To access the genomic DNA, this barrier must be enzymatically digested [Per the Cell Lysis Principle].
- Enzymatic Specificity: Because the plasma membrane is lipid-based and the DNA is protected by proteins, Chitinase acts specifically on the fungal wall without damaging the DNA or the proteins intended for downstream processing.
- Synergistic Application: Chitinase is often used in combination with other enzymes like Proteases (to remove histones/proteins) and RNases (to remove RNA) to ensure the purity of the isolated DNA sample.
4. Visualization of Fungal Cell Lysis
5. Comparative Analysis of Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes
| Target Organism | Cell Wall Component | Enzyme Used |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | Peptidoglycan | Lysozyme |
| Fungi | Chitin | Chitinase |
| Plant | Cellulose | Cellulase |
Final Solution: Chitinase is an essential enzyme utilized in biotechnology to digest the chitinous cell walls of fungi, allowing for the efficient extraction and purification of DNA by exposing the cellular interior to extraction buffers.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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