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Q4:
What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
Solution :
Step 1: Establishing Quantitative Parameters of Human Genomic DNA
To calculate the molar concentration of DNA within a single human cell, we must first establish the physical mass of the haploid/diploid genome and the average molecular weight of a base pair. The calculation follows these standard biophysical constants:
- Genome size (diploid): The human diploid cell contains approximately $6.6 \times 10^9$ base pairs (bp).
- Average molecular weight of a nucleotide pair: $660 \text{ Daltons (g/mol)}$.
- Avogadro’s Constant ($N_A$): $6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ molecules/mol}$.
Step 2: Calculating the Total Mass of DNA per Cell
The total molecular weight ($MW$) of the DNA content in a single diploid human cell is determined by the product of the number of base pairs and the average mass per base pair:
$MW = (6.6 \times 10^9 \text{ bp}) \times (660 \text{ g/mol/bp})$
$MW = 4.356 \times 10^{12} \text{ g/mol}$
Step 3: Calculating the Mass of DNA in Grams
To find the mass ($m$) of DNA in a single cell, we divide the total molecular weight by Avogadro’s constant:
$m = \frac{4.356 \times 10^{12} \text{ g/mol}}{6.022 \times 10^{23} \text{ molecules/mol}}$
$m \approx 7.23 \times 10^{-12} \text{ grams}$
[Per the definition of the mole and molecular mass, $1 \text{ mole} = N_A \text{ molecules}$. Thus, mass per cell = $MW / N_A$].
Step 4: Defining the Cellular Volume (Micro-environment)
The molar concentration depends on the volume ($V$) in which the DNA is contained. In a human cell, DNA is sequestered within the nucleus. The average volume of a human nucleus is approximately $100 \text{ } \mu m^3$ to $500 \text{ } \mu m^3$. We shall utilize a standard estimate of $200 \text{ } \mu m^3$ ($200 \times 10^{-15} \text{ L}$ or $2 \times 10^{-13} \text{ L}$).
Step 5: Determining Molar Concentration ($C$)
Molar concentration is defined as the number of moles ($n$) per unit volume ($V$).
$n = \frac{\text{Number of DNA molecules (1)}}{\text{Avogadro's Constant (} N_A \text{)}}$
$n = \frac{1}{6.022 \times 10^{23}} \approx 1.66 \times 10^{-24} \text{ moles}$
Applying the concentration formula $C = \frac{n}{V}$:
$C = \frac{1.66 \times 10^{-24} \text{ moles}}{2 \times 10^{-13} \text{ L}}$
$C \approx 8.3 \times 10^{-12} \text{ M}$
Final Solution: The molar concentration of DNA in a human cell is approximately $8.3 \times 10^{-12} \text{ M}$ (or $8.3 \text{ pM}$), given an average nuclear volume of $200 \text{ } \mu m^3$. Note that this value varies significantly based on cellular ploidy, nuclear condensation states, and cell-specific nuclear volumes.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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