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Q10(b):
Describe briefly the following:
(b) Bioreactors
Solution :
1. Definition and Functional Foundation
A bioreactor is defined as a vessel or system designed to provide an optimal biological environment for the cultivation of microorganisms, plant cells, animal cells, or enzymes to produce specific products (pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins, or metabolites) on a large industrial scale [Ref: Industrial Microbiology Principles].
2. Schematic Representation of a Stirred-Tank Bioreactor
3. Core Components and Design Parameters
To maximize yields, a bioreactor maintains precise control over physical and chemical parameters:
| Parameter | Mechanism of Control |
|---|---|
| Temperature | Jacketed walls circulating coolant or steam [Per Heat Transfer Laws]. |
| pH | Addition of $H_2SO_4$ or $NaOH$ via automated sensor feedback. |
| Dissolved Oxygen ($O_2$) | Controlled via air sparging and agitation speed. |
| Substrate/Nutrients | Continuous feeding ports to prevent nutrient depletion (fed-batch). |
4. Operational Mechanism of Stirred-Tank Bioreactors
The Stirred-tank bioreactor is the most widely utilized design. The process involves:
- Homogenization: The central impeller ensures even distribution of nutrients, oxygen, and cells throughout the culture medium.
- Oxygenation: The sparger (a ring with small holes) introduces sterile air bubbles at the base. This increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio for gas exchange [$k_La$ mass transfer coefficient optimization].
- Foam Control: A foam breaker or anti-foaming agent is employed to prevent overflow caused by protein denaturation and gas agitation.
- Monitoring: Sensors constantly relay data regarding temperature, $pH$, and $O_2$ levels to a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) [By Feedback Control Loop Theory].
5. Significance in Biotechnology
Bioreactors convert small laboratory-scale processes into large-scale commercial production. By providing a controlled environment, they allow for the production of high-value biologicals such as insulin, antibiotics, and vaccines with minimal contamination risk and maximum genetic stability of the host cells [Ref: Downstream Processing Requirements].
Final Solution: A bioreactor is an industrial-scale vessel designed to optimize microbial growth and product yield by strictly regulating environmental factors such as $pH$, temperature, aeration, and nutrient supply, typically utilizing a stirring mechanism to ensure homogeneity and oxygen transfer.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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