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Q10(b):
Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
Solution :
1. Theoretical Definition of Bioreactors
A bioreactor is defined as a specialized vessel or containment system designed to provide an optimal, controlled environment for the cultivation of microorganisms, animal or plant cells, or enzymes to produce specific biochemical products. [Per the principles of industrial microbiology and biochemical engineering].
2. Functional Requirements
To produce large quantities of recombinant proteins or therapeutic substances, a bioreactor must maintain precise physiological conditions. These include:
- Temperature Control: Ensuring enzymatic stability.
- pH Regulation: Maintaining homeostasis for metabolic activity.
- Substrate Concentration: Controlling input of nutrients (e.g., carbon sources).
- Oxygen Availability: Facilitating aerobic respiration via agitation and sparging.
- Waste Removal: Continuous removal of metabolites that inhibit growth.
3. Structural Design: The Stirred-Tank Bioreactor
The most commonly used bioreactor is the Stirred-Tank Bioreactor. Its design features a cylindrical vessel with an agitator system to facilitate uniform mixing of the culture medium.
4. Critical Engineering Components
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Agitator System | Provides mixing and oxygen transfer. [Mechanics of fluid dynamics]. |
| Oxygen Delivery System | Sparger system introduces air bubbles to increase surface area for $O_2$ diffusion. |
| Foam Control System | Prevents accumulation of foam that can compromise vessel integrity. |
| Sensors | Monitor $pH$, $dO_2$ (dissolved oxygen), and temperature for real-time adjustments. |
5. Operational Significance
In large-scale bioprocessing, bioreactors enable the conversion of raw materials into specific products (biotechnological end-products) by biological agents. The ability to control these parameters ensures high yield and product purity, which is critical for pharmaceuticals such as insulin or monoclonal antibodies. [Ref: Upstream Processing phase of Biotechnology].
Final Solution: Bioreactors are industrial-scale vessels that provide optimal growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, aeration) to facilitate the production of biological products through the controlled cultivation of organisms. The stirred-tank bioreactor is the standard design used to ensure homogeneity and maximal oxygen transfer efficiency.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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