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Q7:
Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
Solution :
Theoretical Foundation: Defining Palindromic DNA Sequences
In molecular biology, a palindromic DNA sequence is a nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA where the reading of the 5' to 3' sequence on one strand matches the 5' to 3' sequence on the complementary strand [Per the definition of rotational symmetry in nucleotide base pairing].
Step 1: Identifying Standard Palindromic Recognition Sites
Restriction endonucleases recognize specific palindromic sequences to catalyze the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds. Below are 5 widely recognized examples utilized in recombinant DNA technology:
| Restriction Enzyme | Source Organism | Palindromic Sequence (5' → 3') |
|---|---|---|
| EcoRI | Escherichia coli | 5'-GAATTC-3' |
| HindIII | Haemophilus influenzae | 5'-AAGCTT-3' |
| BamHI | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | 5'-GGATCC-3' |
| SmaI | Serratia marcescens | 5'-CCCGGG-3' |
| SalI | Streptomyces albus | 5'-GTCGAC-3' |
Step 2: Engineering a Novel Palindromic Sequence
To construct a unique palindromic sequence of length 6, we apply the rules of complementary base pairing (Chargaff’s Rule): $A=T$ and $G\equiv C$.
- Select a 3-nucleotide sequence for the 5' end: 5'-CAT...
- Apply complementary rules to the final 3 nucleotides to ensure the read-back is identical: ...ATG-3'.
- Resulting sequence: 5'-CATATG-3'.
- Verification of Complementarity:
Strand 1: 5' - C - A - T - A - T - G - 3'
Strand 2: 3' - G - T - A - T - A - C - 5'
Re-orienting Strand 2 to 5'-3': 5'-CATATG-3'. [Confirmed].
Visual Representation of Palindromic Base Pairing
Analytical Conclusion
The engineered sequence 5'-CATATG-3' functions as a palindrome because the chemical orientation of the nitrogenous bases is perfectly mirrored across the central axis of the double helix. This structural property is essential for the docking of homodimeric restriction enzymes, which bind to the DNA at the symmetry axis [Per Steric Hindrance and DNA-Protein Interaction Theory].
Final Solution: The 5 standard sequences are EcoRI (GAATTC), HindIII (AAGCTT), BamHI (GGATCC), SmaI (CCCGGG), and SalI (GTCGAC). The engineered sequence is 5'-CATATG-3'.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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