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Q7:
Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
Solution :
Theoretical Basis of Palindromic DNA Sequences
In molecular biology, a palindromic DNA sequence is defined as a sequence of base pairs in double-stranded DNA that is identical when read in the $5' \rightarrow 3'$ direction on one strand and in the $5' \rightarrow 3'$ direction on the complementary strand. These sequences are the primary recognition sites for Type II Restriction Endonucleases [Per the principles of Molecular Cloning and Recombinant DNA Technology].
Step 1: Identification of Canonical Palindromic Sequences
The following table lists five commonly utilized restriction enzyme recognition sites, which demonstrate perfect palindromic symmetry.
| Enzyme | Organism Source | Palindromic Sequence ($5' \rightarrow 3'$) |
|---|---|---|
| $EcoRI$ | Escherichia coli | $GAATTC$ |
| $HindIII$ | Haemophilus influenzae | $AAGCTT$ |
| $BamHI$ | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | $GGATCC$ |
| $SmaI$ | Serratia marcescens | $CCCGGG$ |
| $SalI$ | Streptomyces albus | $GTCGAC$ |
Step 2: Visualization of the Complementary Palindrome
To visualize the $EcoRI$ sequence ($GAATTC$), we observe the anti-parallel orientation. If the top strand reads $GAATTC$ in the $5' \rightarrow 3'$ direction, the bottom strand must be its complement read in the same direction.
Step 3: Creating a Custom Palindromic Sequence
To create a synthetic palindrome, one must adhere to Chargaff’s Rule: $A=T$ and $G=C$ [Per the Base Pairing Complementarity Principle].
- Select an initial sequence: Let us choose the hexamer $CATG$.
- Reflect the sequence to satisfy palindromic requirements: Adding $ATG$ to the end of $CATG$ creates $CATGATG$. This is not a palindrome.
- Corrective logic: To ensure $5'-X-Y-Z-Z'-Y'-X'-3'$ format, we choose a 6-base sequence where the first three bases are chosen and the last three are their complements in reverse order.
- Example Construction: Select $A-G-C$. The complement is $T-C-G$. Reversing the complement yields $G-C-T$. Combined, we obtain $AGCGCT$.
Verification of $AGCGCT$:
- Forward ($5' \rightarrow 3'$): $A-G-C-G-C-T$
- Complementary strand ($5' \rightarrow 3'$): $A-G-C-G-C-T$
- Conclusion: The sequence is a self-complementary palindrome.
Final Solution: The five standard palindromic sequences are $GAATTC$, $AAGCTT$, $GGATCC$, $CCCGGG$, and $GTCGAC$. A custom-designed palindromic sequence adhering to base-pairing rules is $AGCGCT$.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes EXERCISES
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q3: From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(a): Describe briefly the following: (a) Origin of replication
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(b): Describe briefly the following: (b) Bioreactors
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q10(c): Describe briefly the following: (c) Downstream processing
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(a): Explain briefly (a) PCR
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(b): Explain briefly (b) Restriction enzymes and DNA
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q11(c): Explain briefly (c) Chitinase
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(a): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(b): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (b) RNA and DNA
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
- Q12(c): Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between (c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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