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Q7(b):
Distinguish between the following: (b) Glycolysis and Fermentation
Solution :
Comparison of Glycolysis and Fermentation
The following analysis delineates the fundamental biochemical, localization, and energetic differences between Glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) and Fermentation (an anaerobic catabolic process).
| Feature | Glycolysis | Fermentation |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The partial oxidation of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. | The incomplete oxidation of glucose under anaerobic conditions, producing ethanol/lactic acid and $CO_2$. |
| Cellular Location | Cytoplasm [Universal to all living organisms]. | Cytoplasm. |
| Oxygen Requirement | Oxygen-independent. | Oxygen-independent. |
| End Products | $2$ Pyruvate, $2$ NADH + $H^+$, $2$ ATP (net). | Ethanol + $CO_2$ (in yeast) or Lactic Acid (in bacteria/muscles). |
| NADH Utilization | Produces NADH. | Consumes NADH to regenerate $NAD^+$. |
Step 1: Metabolic Rationale of Glycolysis
Glycolysis proceeds via a series of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions [Per the EMP Pathway] where a hexose sugar ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) is phosphorylated and split into two triose phosphates. The energy yield is minimal, consisting of:
- Substrate-level phosphorylation: $4$ ATP molecules produced - $2$ ATP consumed = $2$ ATP net gain.
- Reduction of cofactors: $2 NAD^+ + 4e^- + 4H^+ \rightarrow 2 NADH + 2H^+$.
Step 2: Metabolic Rationale of Fermentation
Fermentation is an evolutionary adaptation to ensure the continuity of glycolysis when oxygen is unavailable. The primary objective is the regeneration of $NAD^+$ from the NADH produced during glycolysis [By the redox potential balancing mechanism].
In alcoholic fermentation (yeast):
$Pyruvate \xrightarrow{Pyruvate\ decarboxylase} Acetaldehyde + CO_2$
$Acetaldehyde + NADH + H^+ \xrightarrow{Alcohol\ dehydrogenase} Ethanol + NAD^+$
Visual Representation of Pathways
Analytical Conclusion
The distinction lies in the destiny of the pyruvate molecule. In glycolysis, pyruvate remains an end-product available for aerobic respiration (TCA cycle). In fermentation, pyruvate serves as a terminal electron acceptor for the oxidation of NADH, allowing the cell to maintain ATP production through anaerobic glycolysis.
Final Solution: Glycolysis is a universal pathway for the partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvate yielding minimal energy, whereas fermentation is an anaerobic process occurring post-glycolysis to regenerate $NAD^+$ and produce metabolic byproducts such as ethanol or lactic acid.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants EXERCISES
- Q1(a): Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion
- Q1(b): Differentiate between (b) Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle
- Q1(c): Differentiate between (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation
- Q2: What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
- Q3: Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?
- Q4: What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
- Q5: Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle.
- Q6: Explain ETS.
- Q7(a): Distinguish between the following: (a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
- Q7(c): Distinguish between the following: (c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle
- Q8: What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
- Q9: Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”
- Q10: Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
- Q11: What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- Q12: What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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