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Q11:
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Solution :
1. Definition and Biological Context
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes [Per the Chemiosmotic Theory proposed by Peter Mitchell]. It is the final stage of cellular respiration, following glycolysis, the link reaction, and the Krebs cycle.
2. The Electron Transport System (ETS) Mechanism
The process initiates with the delivery of high-energy electrons from reduced coenzymes, specifically $NADH + H^+$ and $FADH_2$, to the Electron Transport System (ETS), which consists of a series of protein complexes (Complex I–IV) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase): Oxidizes $NADH$ to $NAD^+$.
- Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase): Oxidizes $FADH_2$ to $FAD$.
- Complex III (Cytochrome $bc_1$ complex): Facilitates electron transfer to Cytochrome $c$.
- Complex IV (Cytochrome $c$ oxidase): Facilitates the final transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen ($O_2$), forming water ($H_2O$).
3. Proton Gradient and Chemiosmosis
As electrons traverse these complexes, free energy is released, which is utilized to pump protons ($H^+$ ions) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space [By the Law of Conservation of Energy]. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient (the Proton Motive Force).
4. ATP Synthesis via ATP Synthase
The accumulation of $H^+$ in the intermembrane space creates a concentration gradient. The protons flow back into the matrix through a specialized protein complex known as ATP Synthase (Complex V). This passage provides the mechanical energy required to phosphorylate Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ($P_i$) into ATP:
$ADP + P_i \xrightarrow{ATP Synthase} ATP$
5. Quantitative Summary Table
| Substrate | Process | Resulting ATP Molecules |
|---|---|---|
| $1 NADH$ | Oxidative Phosphorylation | $3 ATP$ |
| $1 FADH_2$ | Oxidative Phosphorylation | $2 ATP$ |
Final Solution: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where the energy derived from the oxidation of reduced coenzymes ($NADH$ and $FADH_2$) via an electron transport chain is coupled to the synthesis of ATP through the generation of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants EXERCISES
- Q1(a): Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion
- Q1(b): Differentiate between (b) Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle
- Q1(c): Differentiate between (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation
- Q2: What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
- Q3: Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?
- Q4: What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
- Q5: Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle.
- Q6: Explain ETS.
- Q7(a): Distinguish between the following: (a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
- Q7(b): Distinguish between the following: (b) Glycolysis and Fermentation
- Q7(c): Distinguish between the following: (c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle
- Q8: What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
- Q9: Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”
- Q10: Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
- Q12: What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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