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Q2:
What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
Solution :
Definition of Respiratory Substrates
Respiratory substrates are defined as the organic compounds (macromolecules) that are oxidized during the process of cellular respiration to release usable chemical energy in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate ($ATP$). [Per the principles of Bioenergetics].
During the process of aerobic or anaerobic respiration, these substrates undergo enzymatic degradation via catabolic pathways such as Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), and the Electron Transport Chain. The bond energy stored within the molecular structure of these compounds is harnessed to phosphorylate $ADP$ into $ATP$ [Reference: Chemiosmotic Coupling Hypothesis].
Types of Respiratory Substrates
While carbohydrates are the primary source, biological systems utilize various substrates depending on physiological demand and availability:
- Carbohydrates: Primary source of energy; easily catabolized.
- Fats: Used when carbohydrates are depleted; provide higher energy yield ($kcal/g$) due to higher oxidation states.
- Proteins: Used only in extreme conditions (starvation or stress) where carbohydrates and fats are absent; amino acids are deaminated prior to entering the respiratory pathway.
- Organic Acids: Certain plants, such as those in the family Crassulaceae, utilize organic acids like malic acid as substrates.
The Most Common Respiratory Substrate
The most common and preferred respiratory substrate in all living organisms is Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$), a hexose sugar. It is the universal substrate for glycolysis.
Visual Representation: Catabolic Pathways
Summary Table: Energetic Contribution
| Substrate Class | Energy Density (approx) | Respiratory Quotient ($RQ$) |
|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | $4.0 \, kcal/g$ | $1.0$ |
| Fats | $9.0 \, kcal/g$ | $< 1.0$ |
| Proteins | $4.0 \, kcal/g$ | $\approx 0.9$ |
Final Solution: Respiratory substrates are organic compounds oxidized during respiration to yield energy; the most common respiratory substrate is glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$).
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants EXERCISES
- Q1(a): Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion
- Q1(b): Differentiate between (b) Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle
- Q1(c): Differentiate between (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation
- Q3: Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?
- Q4: What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
- Q5: Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs’ cycle.
- Q6: Explain ETS.
- Q7(a): Distinguish between the following: (a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
- Q7(b): Distinguish between the following: (b) Glycolysis and Fermentation
- Q7(c): Distinguish between the following: (c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle
- Q8: What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
- Q9: Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”
- Q10: Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
- Q11: What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- Q12: What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Respiration in Plants
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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