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Q3:
What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
Solution :
1. Conceptual Foundation: Conventional Breeding vs. Tissue Culture
Conventional breeding relies on sexual hybridization, which is limited by the genetic makeup of available germplasm, lengthy generational intervals, and the unpredictability of trait segregation. Conversely, tissue culture (micropropagation) operates on the principle of cellular totipotency, which is the inherent capacity of a single plant cell to divide and differentiate into a complete organism [Per the theory of Haberlandt, 1902].
2. Comparative Analytical Matrix
| Feature | Conventional Breeding | Tissue Culture (Micropropagation) |
|---|---|---|
| Multiplication Rate | Slow (Seasonal cycles) | Rapid (Exponential output) |
| Genetic Integrity | High variation (Segregation) | Clonal fidelity (Genetically identical) |
| Environmental Dependency | High (Field conditions) | None (Controlled laboratory environment) |
| Space Requirements | Large acreage | Minimal (Petri dishes/flasks) |
3. Advantages of Tissue Culture Methodology
A. Mass Propagation of Elite Clones
Tissue culture allows for the production of thousands of plantlets from a small explant (e.g., shoot apex) in a short duration. This is essential for the commercial production of horticultural crops where uniformity of the phenotype is required [Per the concept of Clonal Propagation].
B. Production of Disease-Free Plants
Plants often suffer from viral infections that are systemic. By using Meristem Culture (specifically the apical meristem), one can obtain virus-free plants. Because the meristematic tissue undergoes rapid cell division, the viral replication rate cannot keep pace with the formation of new cells, resulting in virus-free tissues [Biotechnological justification: Exclusion of viral particles from undifferentiated apical cells].
C. Year-Round Production and Germplasm Conservation
Unlike conventional breeding, which is strictly seasonal, tissue culture facilities function independent of external climate, rainfall, or temperature. Furthermore, rare or endangered species can be conserved in restricted space under specific nutrient regimes (Cryopreservation at $-196^{\circ}C$ using Liquid Nitrogen) [Per the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) principles].
D. Genetic Transformation and Somaclonal Variation
Tissue culture provides the necessary vehicle for genetic engineering. Techniques such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or biolistics are performed on cultured cells, allowing for the integration of foreign genes to create transgenic crops. Additionally, somaclonal variations—genetic changes that occur in tissue culture—provide a source of new phenotypic traits that can be selected for breeding purposes.
4. Schematic Representation of Micropropagation Logic
Final Solution: The advantages of tissue culture over conventional breeding include: (1) Rapid clonal propagation, (2) Elimination of viral pathogens via meristem-tip culture, (3) Independence from seasonal constraints, (4) Ability to facilitate genetic transformation, and (5) Efficient space management for long-term germplasm conservation.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q1: You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q4: ‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(a): (a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
- Q6(b): (b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
- Q7: Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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