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Q1:
You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
Solution :
Step 1: Collection of Variability
Genetic variability is the root of any breeding program. As a botanist, the first step involves the systematic collection and preservation of all diverse alleles of all genes in a given crop. This collection of plants/seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called a germplasm collection.
- Wild relatives: Identifying and collecting wild species related to the crop of interest [per the Principle of Genetic Diversity].
- Landraces: Traditional varieties cultivated by farmers for generations.
Step 2: Evaluation and Selection of Parents
The collected germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with desirable traits (e.g., high yield, disease resistance, nutritional quality). The selected plants are then multiplied and used in the breeding process. [Justification: Selection ensures that only the individuals with the highest fitness indices are allowed to reproduce, maximizing the probability of superior progeny].
Step 3: Cross-Hybridization Among Selected Parents
This is the most critical step in creating genetic recombination. The desired traits are combined by cross-hybridizing two different parents. For example, to produce a variety with high yield and disease resistance, a high-yielding parent is crossed with a disease-resistant parent.
Step 4: Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants
This involves selecting those progeny of the hybrids that have the desired combination of characters. This is a scientific process that requires rigorous statistical analysis.
| Phase | Description |
|---|---|
| Self-pollination | Carried out for several generations so that the progeny reaches a state of uniformity (homozygosity). |
| Evaluation | Testing the progeny for the specific traits for which the breeding was initiated. |
Step 5: Testing, Release, and Commercialization
Once superior recombinant lines are stabilized, they must be tested for their performance in diverse environmental conditions.
- Multi-location Trials: The new variety is grown in research fields in different agro-climatic zones of the country to evaluate yield and resistance to biotic/abiotic stress.
- Farmer's Field Evaluation: The variety is tested under real-world farmer conditions for at least three growing seasons.
- Release: Upon successful validation by agencies like the ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), the variety is certified, named, and released for commercial cultivation.
Final Solution: The development of a new plant variety follows a structured trajectory: (1) Collection of germplasm, (2) Selection of parents, (3) Cross-hybridization, (4) Selection and testing of superior recombinants, and (5) Multi-location field trials leading to official release. This methodology ensures the incorporation of genetic stability and high agronomic performance [Per the laws of Mendelian Genetics and Quantitative Inheritance].
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q3: What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
- Q4: ‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(a): (a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
- Q6(b): (b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
- Q7: Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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