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Q6(a):
(a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
Solution :
1. Theoretical Foundation of Induced Mutation
Mutation breeding, also known as variation breeding, is a technique utilized in plant improvement programs to induce genetic variability. It involves the deliberate exposure of seeds or plant tissues to physical mutagens (e.g., X-rays, Gamma rays) or chemical mutagens (e.g., EMS - Ethyl Methanesulfonate) to alter the DNA sequence. This process generates novel alleles that are not present in the existing germplasm, allowing breeders to overcome evolutionary plateaus and introduce desirable traits [Per the Principles of Crop Improvement via Mutation Breeding].
2. Justification via Exemplar: Mung Bean (*Vigna radiata*)
A definitive justification for the utility of mutation breeding is the development of yellow mosaic virus (YMV) resistance in the Mung bean. Historically, conventional breeding faced limitations due to the narrow genetic base regarding disease resistance in cultivated varieties.
- The Problem: Cultivated Mung bean varieties were highly susceptible to the Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) and powdery mildew, leading to severe yield losses in tropical agricultural zones.
- The Intervention: Breeders induced mutations using ionizing radiation (Gamma rays) on wild-type, susceptible seed stocks.
- The Result: A mutant genotype was identified that exhibited a complete loss of susceptibility to the virus without compromising the yield or physical morphology of the plant. This provided a breakthrough in stabilizing Mung bean production [Ref: Mutation Breeding in Pulse Crops].
3. Analytical Representation of Mutation Breeding
4. Procedural Steps in Mutation Breeding
| Step | Process | Justification |
|---|---|---|
| I | Selection of Propagule | Seeds or pollen grains are chosen for optimal mutagen penetration. |
| II | Mutagenesis | Exposure to doses of Gamma rays or chemical agents to trigger DNA structural change [By Law of Random Mutagenesis]. |
| III | Screening ($M_2$ Generation) | Identification of phenotypic changes in the second generation where recessive mutations manifest. |
| IV | Selection & Stabilization | Cross-breeding selected mutants to ensure the trait is heritable and non-lethal. |
Final Solution: Mutation breeding is a pivotal strategy in plant improvement because it creates genetic diversity that is unreachable through hybridization alone. The successful development of yellow mosaic virus-resistant varieties of Mung bean serves as a primary justification, proving that induced genetic modifications can enhance crop robustness and global food security without the reliance on complex natural gene pools.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q1: You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q3: What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
- Q4: ‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(b): (b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
- Q7: Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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