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Q6(b):
(b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
Solution :
Theoretical Foundation: The Green Revolution
The technology that transformed India from a food-deficient nation to a self-sufficient one is primarily rooted in the Green Revolution (mid-1960s). This technological paradigm shift was driven by the integration of high-yielding plant breeding, agro-chemical application, and advanced irrigation infrastructure [Per the Principles of Crop Improvement].
Step 1: High-Yielding Variety (HYV) Seeds
The core technology involves the development of semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties. Through genetic manipulation and selective breeding, researchers developed strains that respond positively to fertilizers while possessing stronger stems to prevent lodging (falling over).
- Wheat: Introduction of Mexican dwarf varieties (e.g., Sonalika and Kalyan Sona) by Dr. Norman Borlaug.
- Rice: Development of semi-dwarf rice varieties like IR-8 (from IRRI, Philippines) and Taichung Native-1 (from Taiwan).
Step 2: Agro-Chemical Integration
Productivity increases were supported by the systematic use of synthetic inputs:
| Input | Biological/Chemical Function |
|---|---|
| Fertilizers (NPK) | Provides essential macronutrients ($N, P, K$) to facilitate rapid growth in HYVs. |
| Pesticides/Insecticides | Biotic stress management to prevent yield loss due to herbivory and fungal pathogens. |
Step 3: Irrigation Infrastructure
The technology shifted agriculture from rain-fed uncertainty to controlled water supply. The development of canal systems and deep-tube wells ensured that the higher metabolic demands of HYV crops were met during the vegetative and reproductive growth phases [By the Law of Limiting Factors in Plant Physiology].
Step 4: Plant Breeding & Biotechnological Advancements
Modern self-sufficiency relies on Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering:
Techniques such as Micropropagation allow for the production of thousands of disease-free clones, while Biofortification (breeding crops with higher nutritional value) ensures food quality alongside quantity.
Analytical Summary of Impacts
The synergy of these technologies led to an exponential rise in food grain production, commonly referred to as the "Green Revolution". This was achieved by:
- Increasing the Harvest Index (ratio of economic yield to biological yield).
- Shortening the growth duration of crops, allowing for Multiple Cropping Systems.
- Implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to sustain soil health.
Final Solution: The technology that achieved self-sufficiency is the Green Revolution, a multifaceted strategy involving the introduction of High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, massive expansion of irrigation infrastructure, the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and modern advancements in tissue culture and genetic engineering, which collectively maximized crop yield per unit area.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q1: You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q3: What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
- Q4: ‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(a): (a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
- Q7: Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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