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Q4:
‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
Solution :
1. Theoretical Foundation: The Role of Genetics in Food Security
The global food crisis, driven by an exponential increase in human population and the degradation of arable land, necessitates a transition from traditional empirical selection to molecular-based biotechnological strategies. Modern plant and animal breeding utilize the principles of population genetics and molecular biology to accelerate the accumulation of desirable traits. [Per the principles of Mendelian inheritance and Modern Synthesis theory].
2. Modern Plant Breeding Strategies
Modern plant breeding integrates genetic engineering and tissue culture to overcome the limitations of traditional hybridization.
- Biofortification: Breeding crops to increase nutritional density (e.g., Vitamin A-enriched 'Golden Rice' or Iron-fortified maize). [Justification: Addresses hidden hunger].
- Disease Resistance: Deployment of $R$-genes to confer immunity against pathogens such as leaf and stripe rust in wheat (e.g., Himgiri variety).
- Tissue Culture/Micropropagation: Utilizing totipotency to produce thousands of virus-free plantlets in a controlled environment. [Justification: Based on Haberlandt’s Totipotency Theory].
3. Modern Animal Breeding Strategies
Animal husbandry utilizes sophisticated reproductive technologies to improve the genetic merit of livestock.
| Technique | Mechanism | Impact |
|---|---|---|
| MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer) | Hormonal stimulation (FSH-like activity) to induce superovulation. | Increases herd size of high-yield cattle by bypassing the natural gestation limitation. |
| Artificial Insemination | Controlled collection and processing of semen. | Overcomes physical barriers and allows widespread distribution of superior male germplasm. |
4. Visualizing Genetic Gain: The Selection Differential
5. Critical Evaluation and Conclusion
The statement is substantiated by the success of the Green Revolution and subsequent 'Evergreen' initiatives. By manipulating the gene pool ($G$) and the interaction between genotype and environment ($G \times E$), modern breeding produces organisms that yield higher biomass per unit area ($Y = G + E + (G \times E)$). However, these methods must be balanced with ecological sustainability to ensure long-term food security.
Final Solution: Modern breeding methods, specifically through Biofortification, MOET, and Genetic Modification, increase yield per unit area and nutritional output, effectively providing the tools necessary to mitigate global food shortages by optimizing biological productivity.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q1: You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q3: What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(a): (a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
- Q6(b): (b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
- Q7: Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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