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Q7:
Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement
Solution :
1. Theoretical Foundation of Totipotency
Totipotency is the inherent biological capacity of a single plant cell to divide, differentiate, and regenerate into a complete, genetically identical mature plant under suitable laboratory conditions. This process, governed by the manipulation of hormonal ratios (auxins and cytokinins), serves as the cornerstone of plant tissue culture technology [Per the principle of Cellular Differentiation and Dedifferentiation].
2. The Process of Micropropagation
The utilization of totipotency in plant propagation is executed through the following sequential stages:
- Explant Selection: A small tissue fragment (explant) is excised from the parent plant (e.g., shoot tip, meristem, or leaf segments).
- Sterilization: The explant is surface-sterilized using chemical agents to ensure an axenic (contaminant-free) environment.
- Inoculation and Callus Formation: The explant is placed on a nutrient medium containing sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, and specific plant growth regulators (PGRs). The cells undergo dedifferentiation to form a mass of unorganized, actively dividing cells known as callus.
- Organogenesis: By altering the ratio of $Auxin:Cytokinin$, the callus is induced to form roots and shoots (redifferentiation).
- Hardening: Plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse to acclimate to external environmental conditions before field transplantation.
3. Applications in Plant Improvement
The application of totipotency extends beyond simple vegetative propagation to advanced genetic enhancement strategies:
| Method | Mechanism | Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Somatic Hybridization | Fusion of isolated protoplasts from two distinct species followed by regeneration of a hybrid plant. | Bypasses sexual incompatibility barriers to combine desirable traits (e.g., disease resistance). |
| Virus-Free Plants | Culture of shoot apical meristems (which are virus-free even in infected plants). | Production of healthy stock for crops like banana, sugarcane, and potato. |
| Somaclonal Variation | Selection of spontaneous genetic variations occurring during the tissue culture process. | Creation of new phenotypes with improved yield or stress tolerance. |
4. Summary of Advantages
- Rapid Multiplication: Thousands of plants can be generated from a single explant within a limited space and time frame [Exponential Growth Kinetics].
- Genetic Uniformity: As the process is clonal, it ensures the maintenance of superior parental genotypes in the offspring.
- Germplasm Conservation: Rare or endangered species can be cryopreserved and subsequently multiplied through totipotent regeneration.
Final Solution: The property of plant totipotency enables mass clonal propagation (micropropagation) through in vitro culture, facilitating the rapid production of disease-free plants, the creation of somatic hybrids via protoplast fusion, and the utilization of somaclonal variations for crop improvement, all while maintaining genetic fidelity to the parent plant.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Q1: You are a Botanist working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.
- Q2(a): (a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
- Q2(b): (b) A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of Methylophillus methylotrophus can produce 25 tonnes of protein Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.
- Q3: What are the advantages of tissue culture methods over conventional method of plant breeding in crop improvement programmes?
- Q4: ‘Modern methods of breeding animals and plants can alleviate the global food shortage’. Comment on the statement and give suitable examples.
- Q5: Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.
- Q6(a): (a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
- Q6(b): (b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.
- Q8: What are three options to increase food production? Discuss each giving the salient features, merits and demerits.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 EXERCISES
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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