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Q8(ii):
Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (ii) antheridium
Solution :
Definition and Theoretical Foundation
The antheridium (plural: antheridia) is the haploid multicellular male sex organ found in the life cycle of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and certain algae and fungi. Its primary biological function is the production of male gametes, known as antherozoids or sperms, which are typically flagellated and motile.
Step 1: Structural Morphology
The antheridium is characterized by a protective, sterile outer layer known as the jacket layer. Inside this protective casing, a mass of fertile tissue called androcytes undergoes mitotic division to differentiate into biflagellate or multiflagellate antherozoids [Per the developmental biology of archegoniates].
Step 2: Biological Function and Reproduction
Upon maturity, the antheridium absorbs water, causing the jacket cells to rupture (often at a specific apical pore). This releases the motile antherozoids into the surrounding environment. These gametes utilize flagellar propulsion to navigate through a film of external water toward the archegonium (the female sex organ) for fertilization [By the principles of oogamous reproduction].
Comparative Table: Antheridial Characteristics
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Ploidy Level | Haploid ($n$) |
| Cellular Structure | Multicellular (in land plants) |
| Product | Antherozoids (Motile) |
Visual Representation: Schematic of an Antheridium
Step 3: Taxonomic Examples
- Bryophytes: In Funaria (a moss), the antheridia are located at the apex of the male shoot, typically surrounded by perigonial leaves.
- Pteridophytes: In Dryopteris (a fern), antheridia develop on the prothallus. They are globular structures that release sperms to fertilize the egg within the archegonium.
Final Solution: The antheridium is a multicellular, haploid male sex organ that produces motile antherozoids within a sterile jacket layer, essential for sexual reproduction in non-seed-bearing plants like Funaria and Dryopteris.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the basis of classification of algae?
- Q2: When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
- Q3: Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
- Q4: Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
- Q5: Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
- Q6: Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
- Q7: What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
- Q8(i): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (i) protonema
- Q8(iii): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iii) archegonium
- Q8(iv): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iv) diplontic
- Q8(v): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (v) sporophyll
- Q8(vi): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (vi) isogamy
- Q9(i): Differentiate between the following:- (i) red algae and brown algae
- Q9(ii): Differentiate between the following:- (ii) liverworts and moss
- Q9(iii): Differentiate between the following:- (iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
- Q10: Match the following (column I with column II) Column I Column II (a) Chlamydomonas (i) Moss (b) Cycas (ii) Pteridophyte (c) Selaginella (iii) Algae (d) Sphagnum (iv) Gymnosperm
- Q11: Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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