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Q3:
Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
Solution :
Groups of Plants Bearing Archegonia
The archegonium is the female sex organ in plants, typically flask-shaped, which produces a single egg. In the plant kingdom, the three groups of plants that possess this structure are:
- Bryophytes (e.g., Mosses, Liverworts)
- Pteridophytes (e.g., Ferns, Horsetails)
- Gymnosperms (e.g., Pines, Cycads)
Life Cycle of Pteridophytes (Example: Fern)
The life cycle of Pteridophytes is characterized by haplo-diplontic alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte is the dominant, independent phase [Per the classification of life cycles in Plantae].
Step 1: The Sporophytic Phase
The main plant body is a sporophyte differentiated into true roots, stem, and leaves (fronds). These leaves bear sporangia in structures called sori. Inside the sporangia, spore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores [By the process of sporogenesis].
Step 2: Gametophytic Development
Upon germination, these spores produce a small, multicellular, free-living, photosynthetic thalloid called a prothallus. This gametophyte bears both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs.
Step 3: Fertilization
Water is essential for fertilization. Flagellated antherozoids released from antheridia swim to the archegonium, attracted by chemotactic signals. The fusion of the male gamete with the egg results in a diploid zygote [Per the biological definition of syngamy].
Step 4: Embryogeny
The zygote develops into a multicellular, well-differentiated sporophyte, completing the cycle.
Comparison Table of Archegoniates
| Plant Group | Dominant Phase | Requirement for Water |
|---|---|---|
| Bryophytes | Gametophyte | Essential |
| Pteridophytes | Sporophyte | Essential |
| Gymnosperms | Sporophyte | Not Required (via Pollen) |
Final Solution: The three groups of plants that bear archegonia are Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, and Gymnospermae. The life cycle of a Pteridophyte involves a dominant diploid sporophyte that produces spores via meiosis, which germinate into a haploid prothallus (gametophyte) that subsequently produces gametes within archegonia and antheridia to restart the sporophytic generation through fertilization.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the basis of classification of algae?
- Q2: When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
- Q4: Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
- Q5: Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
- Q6: Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
- Q7: What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
- Q8(i): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (i) protonema
- Q8(ii): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (ii) antheridium
- Q8(iii): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iii) archegonium
- Q8(iv): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iv) diplontic
- Q8(v): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (v) sporophyll
- Q8(vi): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (vi) isogamy
- Q9(i): Differentiate between the following:- (i) red algae and brown algae
- Q9(ii): Differentiate between the following:- (ii) liverworts and moss
- Q9(iii): Differentiate between the following:- (iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
- Q10: Match the following (column I with column II) Column I Column II (a) Chlamydomonas (i) Moss (b) Cycas (ii) Pteridophyte (c) Selaginella (iii) Algae (d) Sphagnum (iv) Gymnosperm
- Q11: Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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