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Q2:
When and where does reduction division take place in the life cycle of a liverwort, a moss, a fern, a gymnosperm and an angiosperm?
Solution :
1. Conceptual Foundation: Reduction Division (Meiosis)
Reduction division, or meiosis, is the process by which a diploid ($2n$) spore mother cell undergoes two successive divisions to produce four haploid ($n$) spores. In the life cycle of plants, this process serves as the bridge between the diploid sporophytic generation and the haploid gametophytic generation [Per the Alternation of Generations theory].
2. Comparative Analysis of Meiotic Localization
| Plant Group | Site of Meiosis | Spore-Producing Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Liverwort | Capsule of the Sporophyte | Spore Mother Cell |
| Moss | Capsule of the Sporophyte | Spore Mother Cell |
| Fern | Sporangia (on the underside of fronds) | Spore Mother Cell |
| Gymnosperm | Microsporangia and Megasporangia | Microspore/Megaspore Mother Cell |
| Angiosperm | Anther (Microsporangium) and Ovule (Megasporangium) | Microspore/Megaspore Mother Cell |
3. Sequential Breakdown by Taxonomic Group
- Liverworts & Mosses (Bryophytes): The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte. Meiosis occurs within the capsule region of the mature sporophyte [By the process of sporogenesis]. Spore mother cells ($2n$) divide to form haploid spores ($n$).
- Ferns (Pteridophytes): The sporophyte is the dominant phase. Meiosis occurs in specialized structures called sporangia, which are often grouped in sori on the abaxial surface of leaves (fronds).
- Gymnosperms: Meiosis occurs within the cones (strobili). The microspore mother cells in the microsporangia (male cones) and the megaspore mother cell in the megasporangium (female cones) undergo reduction division.
- Angiosperms: Meiosis is restricted to the floral organs. Specifically, it occurs within the anther (microsporogenesis) and the ovule within the ovary (megasporogenesis) [Based on the development of pollen grains and embryo sacs].
Final Solution: Reduction division takes place during the transition from the sporophytic ($2n$) to the gametophytic ($n$) phase. In Bryophytes, it occurs in the capsule; in Pteridophytes, within the sporangia; in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, it occurs within the microsporangia and megasporangia (anthers and ovules) during the formation of microspores and megaspores.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the basis of classification of algae?
- Q3: Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia. Briefly describe the life cycle of any one of them.
- Q4: Mention the ploidy of the following: protonemal cell of a moss; primary endosperm nucleus in dicot, leaf cell of a moss; prothallus cell of a ferm; gemma cell in Marchantia; meristem cell of monocot, ovum of a liverwort, and zygote of a fern.
- Q5: Write a note on economic importance of algae and gymnosperms.
- Q6: Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
- Q7: What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its significance. Give two examples.
- Q8(i): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (i) protonema
- Q8(ii): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (ii) antheridium
- Q8(iii): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iii) archegonium
- Q8(iv): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (iv) diplontic
- Q8(v): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (v) sporophyll
- Q8(vi): Explain briefly the following terms with suitable examples:- (vi) isogamy
- Q9(i): Differentiate between the following:- (i) red algae and brown algae
- Q9(ii): Differentiate between the following:- (ii) liverworts and moss
- Q9(iii): Differentiate between the following:- (iii) homosporous and heterosporous pteridophyte
- Q10: Match the following (column I with column II) Column I Column II (a) Chlamydomonas (i) Moss (b) Cycas (ii) Pteridophyte (c) Selaginella (iii) Algae (d) Sphagnum (iv) Gymnosperm
- Q11: Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Plant Kingdom
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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