Kota

Lakshmi Nambiar replied | 19 hrs ago

Let's break down the cell cycle into its phases:

*Interphase (3 parts)*

1. *G1 (Gap 1)*: The cell grows, replicates organelles, and prepares for DNA replication.

2. *S (Synthesis)*: DNA replication occurs, and the genetic material is duplicated.

3. *G2 (Gap 2)*: The cell prepares for cell division, producing organelles and proteins needed for mitosis.

*M Phase (2 main parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis, now let's focus on Mitosis which has 4 stages)*

1. *Prophase*:

    - Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

    - Nuclear envelope breaks down.

    - Spindle fibers form.

2. *Metaphase*:

    - Chromosomes align at the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

    - Spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

3. *Anaphase*:

    - Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

    - Spindle fibers contract.

4. *Telophase*:

    - Nuclear envelope reforms.

    - Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin.

    - Cytoplasm divides ( cytokinesis starts).

Rajneesh replied | 5 hrs ago

🧬 Cell Cycle – Two Main Phases

1. Interphase – The cell prepares to divide (about 90% of the cycle)

2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase) – The cell actually divides into two daughter cells

🔵 1. Interphase

This is the preparation phase before the cell divides. It has 3 stages:

🟢 G₁ Phase (Gap 1)

• Cell grows in size

• Makes proteins and organelles

• Cell performs its normal functions

• Checkpoint: Is the cell ready to divide?

🟡 S Phase (Synthesis)

• DNA is replicated (copied)

• Each chromosome becomes double (with two sister chromatids)

🔴 G₂ Phase (Gap 2)

• Cell continues to grow

• Checks for DNA damage

• Prepares for mitosis

• Makes proteins needed for cell division

🔴 2. M Phase (Mitosis + Cytokinesis)

Now the cell divides into two daughter cells. Mitosis is divided into 4 main stages:

🧩 a) Prophase

• Chromosomes condense and become visible

• Nuclear membrane breaks down

• Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes

🧭 b) Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (at the equator)

• Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome

🧲 c) Anaphase

• Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

• Now, each side of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes

🌙 d) Telophase

• New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes

• Chromosomes uncoil

• Cell is nearly ready to split

💧 Final Step: Cytokinesis

• The cytoplasm divides

• Two identical daughter cells are formed

📌 Summary Table:

Bhabani Sankar replied | 21 hrs ago

Carbon valency - 4 

Catenation 

Kajal Rani replied | 6 hrs ago

The valency of carbon is 4 . The ability of carbon to form long chain is called catenation , this property allows  carbon to bond with each other through covalent bond , forming chain , rings structures and because of catenation carbon form vast number of compounds.

Prasun Basu replied | 2 days ago

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