Anand

Sachin Rathore replied | 1 day ago

🔁 Cell Cycle = Interphase + M Phase

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🧬 Interphase (Cell prepares for division):

1. G₁ Phase (Gap 1) –

Cell grows and makes proteins.

2. S Phase (Synthesis) –

DNA is copied (replicated).

3. G₂ Phase (Gap 2) –

Final preparation for mitosis.

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⚡ M Phase (Mitosis = Nucleus divides)

1. Prophase –

Chromosomes condense, nucleus disappears.

2. Metaphase –

Chromosomes line up in the center.

3. Anaphase –

Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides.

4. Telophase –

Two new nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil.

➤ Cyt

okinesis –

Cytoplasm divides into 2 cells.

G Chaitanya replied | 23 hrs ago

Cell Cycle Overview

The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell, consisting of:

1. Interphase – where the cell grows and prepares to divide.

2. M phase (Mitotic phase) – where the cell actually divides.

1. Interphase (the preparation phase)

Interphase is divided into three sub-phases:

G₁ phase (Gap 1)

* The cell grows in size.

* Makes proteins and organelles.

* Prepares for DNA replication.

* It's a very active period of biosynthesis.

* The checkpoint here checks if the cell is ready to move on.

S phase (Synthesis)

* DNA is replicated – every chromosome makes an identical copy.

* At the end of this phase, the cell has twice the normal DNA content.

* Centrosome (organizing center for spindle fibers) also duplicates.

G₂ phase (Gap 2)

* More growth.

* The cell prepares the enzymes and structures needed for division.

* Final checkpoint before entering M phase: Is DNA correctly replicated?

2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase)

This is where mitosis and cytokinesis occur – i.e., the cell divides.

 Mitosis is divided into 4 main stages:

Prophase

* Chromosomes condense and become visible.

* Each chromosome has two sister chromatids (identical copies).

* Spindle fibers begin to form from centrosomes.

*Nuclear envelope starts to break down.

Metaphase

* Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (called the metaphase plate).

* Spindle fibers attach to centromeres (center part of the chromosomes).

Anaphase

* Spindle fibers **pull sister chromatids apart** to opposite sides of the cell.

* Each chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.

Telophase

* Chromosomes de-condense (turn back into chromatin).

* Two new nuclear envelopes form, one around each set of chromosomes.

* Cell is almost ready to split.

Final Step: Cytokinesis

* The  cytoplasm divides, forming  two identical daughter cells.

Aditya Wetal replied | 2 days ago

The valency of carbon is 4.
This means carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms to achieve a stable electronic configuration (octet).

The property is called catenation.

• Catenation is the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, creating long chains, branched structures, or rings.

• This is possible because: Carbon-carbon bonds are strong and stable Carbon can bond with many other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., allowing complex structures.

Jayee Jeet replied | 21 hrs ago

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