Pimpri-Chinchwad

Yash Chaurasiya replied | 15 hrs ago

Cell Cycle Phases:

The cell cycle has two main phases:

1. Interphase (growth & preparation)

2. M phase (mitosis & division)

🔹 Interphase has 3 parts:

• G₁ phase (Gap 1): Cell grows and makes proteins.
• S phase (Synthesis): DNA is replicated.
• G₂ phase (Gap 2): Cell prepares for division.

🔹 M phase has 2 parts:

• Karyokinesis (nuclear division) – has 4 stages:
  
1. Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle forms.
2. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center.
3. Anaphase: Chromatids separate to opposite poles.
4. Telophase: New nuclei form, chromosomes decondense.
• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides to form two cells.

P S Aishwarya Lakshmi replied | 10 hrs ago

1. Interphase (Cell growth and preparation for division)

This is the longest phase and is divided into three sub-phases:

✅ G₁ phase (Gap 1)

The cell grows in size.

Makes proteins and organelles.

Prepares for DNA replication.

Checks if the environment is suitable for division.

✅ S phase (Synthesis)

DNA is replicated (copied).

Each chromosome now has two sister chromatids.

Centrosome (needed for mitosis) also replicates.

✅ G₂ phase (Gap 2)

Final preparations for cell division.

Cell continues to grow.

Checks for DNA damage or replication errors.

Makes proteins needed for mitosis.

---

2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase)

This is where the actual cell division occurs. It includes:

Mitosis – division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis is divided into 4 stages:

---

🔵 Prophase

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

Nuclear membrane begins to break down.

Spindle fibers start forming from the centrosomes.

Centrosomes move to opposite poles.

🔵 Metaphase

Chromosomes line up at the middle (equator) of the cell.

Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of chromosomes.

🔵 Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Spindle fibers pull them apart.

Each side now has a full set of chromosomes.

🔵 Telophase

Chromosomes begin to de-condense (become less visible).

Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Now the cell has two nuclei.

---

🟢 Cytokinesis

(Not part of mitosis but occurs right a

fter telophase)

The cytoplasm divides.

Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed.

Annu Saroha replied | 1 day ago

The no. If electrons in carbon is 6. It's electronic configuration will be 2,4. Now to complete its valency it has to gain 4 electrons or loose the 4 electrons as the last shell must contain 8 electrons .so it's valency will be +/- 4. Also the property of carbon to form long chains is catenation that allows the element (C) to form bonds with the element of its own kind. 

Annu Saroha replied | 1 day ago

The no. Of electrons in C is 6 with an electronic configuration of 2,4. The last valence shell must contain 8 electrons so it has to either gain the 4 electrons or it has to loose the 4 electrons so that the last shell is completely filled. So the valency of carbon is +/-4. Also the property of carbon to make long chain compound is catenation that allows it form long chains with the element of its own kind .

Kaizen Global replied | 1 day ago

ChatGPT said: