Nashik

Badal Kumar replied | 11 hrs ago

📚 Animal Cell Cycle Explanation

The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides. It has two main phases:

Interphase

M Phase (Mitotic Phase)

📌 Interphase:

Interphase is the preparation phase of the cell before actual division. It is further divided into three stages:

1️⃣ G₁ Phase (Gap 1):

The cell grows in size.

Prepares enzymes and proteins needed for DNA replication.

Increases number of organelles.

2️⃣ S Phase (Synthesis):

DNA replication (duplication) takes place.

Chromosomes are copied so each cell gets complete genetic material.

3️⃣ G₂ Phase (Gap 2):

Final growth phase before division.

Cell prepares proteins needed for mitosis.

Checks and repairs any DNA errors.

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📌 M Phase (Mitotic Phase):

This is the division phase where the actual splitting of the cell occurs. It has two main processes:

Karyokinesis (division of nucleus)

Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

Karyokinesis is divided into 4 stages:

1️⃣ Prophase:

Chromosomes condense and become visible.

Nuclear membrane starts breaking down.

Spindle fibers start forming.

2️⃣ Metaphase:

Chromosomes align at the center (equatorial plate) of the cell.

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome.

3️⃣ Anaphase:

Sister chromatids (each half of a chromosome) are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.

4️⃣ Telophase:

Chromatids reach the poles.

Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Chromosomes decondense back into chromatin.

After this, Cytokinesis happens — the cytoplasm divides, forming two identical daughter cells.

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✅ Quick Summary:
Interphase = G₁, S, G₂ (Growth + DNA Copy)
M Phase = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase + Cytokinesis (Division)

Shweta Saini replied | 10 hrs ago

The cell cycle is the process by which a cell grows and divides into two new cells. It has two main phases: Interphase and the M phase. Interphase is the longest phase, where the cell prepares for division. It has three parts: G₁ phase, S phase, and G₂ phase. In the G₁ phase, the cell grows and makes proteins and organelles. In the S phase, the cell copies its DNA so that each new cell will have a complete set. In the G₂ phase, the cell continues to grow and gets ready for division by checking the DNA for any mistakes.

After interphase, the cell enters the M phase, which includes mitosis (division of the nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm). Mitosis has four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. In prophase, the chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. In anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides. In telophase, two new nuclei form around the chromosomes. Finally, in cytokinesis, the cell’s cytoplasm divides, and two identical daughter cells are formed.

Nishant Raj replied | 2 days ago

The valency of carbon is 4.
This means carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms to complete its outer shell (which needs 8 electrons, but carbon has only 4 in its outer shell).

🔗 Property of Carbon that Leads to Long Chain Compounds:

This property is called Catenation.

✨ Catenation:

• It is the ability of carbon atoms to form long chains or rings by bonding with other carbon atoms.

• These chains can be straight, branched, or cyclic.

• Carbon can also bond with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., to form a vast variety of compounds.

🧪 Why is Carbon So Good at Catenation?

1. Small size → Strong C–C bonds.

2. Tetravalency → Can form 4 stable bonds.

3. Stable covalent bonding with many elements.

Kanika Rawat replied | 1 day ago

Carbon has a valency of 4, so it forms four covalent bonds with other atoms.

It can bond with carbon atoms as well as other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, etc.The property of catenation allows carbon to form long chains and rings.These chains can be straight, branched, or cyclic.This is why carbon forms a large number of compounds called organic compounds.

Richa Arora replied | 1 day ago

Corporate training, also known as Corporate Education or more recently Workplace Learning, is a system of activities designed to educate employees. While it helps employers, it is also beneficial for employees as it helps them obtain and hone knowledge and skills to progress professionally and personally.

Kalaiselvi replied | 1 day ago

Corporate training is workplace education that helps employees improve skills, knowledge, and performance for their job roles.