Ludhiana

Sachin Rathore replied | 2 days ago

🔁 Cell Cycle = Interphase + M Phase

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🧬 Interphase (Cell prepares for division):

1. G₁ Phase (Gap 1) –

Cell grows and makes proteins.

2. S Phase (Synthesis) –

DNA is copied (replicated).

3. G₂ Phase (Gap 2) –

Final preparation for mitosis.

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⚡ M Phase (Mitosis = Nucleus divides)

1. Prophase –

Chromosomes condense, nucleus disappears.

2. Metaphase –

Chromosomes line up in the center.

3. Anaphase –

Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides.

4. Telophase –

Two new nuclei form, chromosomes uncoil.

➤ Cyt

okinesis –

Cytoplasm divides into 2 cells.

G Chaitanya replied | 1 day ago

Cell Cycle Overview

The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell, consisting of:

1. Interphase – where the cell grows and prepares to divide.

2. M phase (Mitotic phase) – where the cell actually divides.

1. Interphase (the preparation phase)

Interphase is divided into three sub-phases:

G₁ phase (Gap 1)

* The cell grows in size.

* Makes proteins and organelles.

* Prepares for DNA replication.

* It's a very active period of biosynthesis.

* The checkpoint here checks if the cell is ready to move on.

S phase (Synthesis)

* DNA is replicated – every chromosome makes an identical copy.

* At the end of this phase, the cell has twice the normal DNA content.

* Centrosome (organizing center for spindle fibers) also duplicates.

G₂ phase (Gap 2)

* More growth.

* The cell prepares the enzymes and structures needed for division.

* Final checkpoint before entering M phase: Is DNA correctly replicated?

2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase)

This is where mitosis and cytokinesis occur – i.e., the cell divides.

 Mitosis is divided into 4 main stages:

Prophase

* Chromosomes condense and become visible.

* Each chromosome has two sister chromatids (identical copies).

* Spindle fibers begin to form from centrosomes.

*Nuclear envelope starts to break down.

Metaphase

* Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (called the metaphase plate).

* Spindle fibers attach to centromeres (center part of the chromosomes).

Anaphase

* Spindle fibers **pull sister chromatids apart** to opposite sides of the cell.

* Each chromatid is now considered an individual chromosome.

Telophase

* Chromosomes de-condense (turn back into chromatin).

* Two new nuclear envelopes form, one around each set of chromosomes.

* Cell is almost ready to split.

Final Step: Cytokinesis

* The  cytoplasm divides, forming  two identical daughter cells.

Aditya Wetal replied | 3 days ago

The valency of carbon is 4.
This means carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms to achieve a stable electronic configuration (octet).

The property is called catenation.

• Catenation is the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, creating long chains, branched structures, or rings.

• This is possible because: Carbon-carbon bonds are strong and stable Carbon can bond with many other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., allowing complex structures.

Jayee Jeet replied | 1 day ago

4

Yogesh Yadav replied | 26 Jun

Corporate training is a program designed to improve employees' skills, knowledge, and performance to meet organizational goals.

Sadiq replied | 29 Jun

Corporate training encompasses organized development programs designed by companies to enhance employees' skills, knowledge, and competencies. It's a planned effort to improve employee performance, focusing on both technical and soft skills, and aligning with the company's strategic goals. Essentially, it's about providing employees with the tools and knowledge they need to succeed in their roles and contribute