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Q12:
Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India.
Solution :
Step 1: Theoretical Foundation of Crop Hybridization
Hybridization in crop plants is a genetic improvement strategy involving the crossing of two genetically distinct individuals to produce offspring, or 'hybrids', that exhibit superior traits compared to their parents. This process, known as heterosis or hybrid vigor, is employed to enhance yield, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental adaptability [Per the Principles of Plant Breeding].
Step 2: Identification of Significant Indian Hybrid Varieties
The Indian agricultural research framework, primarily led by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), has successfully developed numerous high-yielding varieties (HYVs) since the Green Revolution. The following table identifies five prominent hybrid varieties across different crop species:
| Crop Name | Hybrid Variety | Primary Attribute |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat | Sonalika | High yield and rust resistance |
| Rice | Jaya | Semi-dwarf and high productivity |
| Maize | Ganga-1 | High yield and drought tolerance |
| Mustard | Pusa Jai Kisan (Bio-902) | High oil content and salinity tolerance |
| Cotton | Hybrid-4 | Superior fiber quality and pest resistance |
Step 3: Analytical Justification of Selection
- Sonalika & Jaya: These varieties were instrumental during the mid-1960s to 1970s, utilizing the semi-dwarf gene ($sd1$) derived from IR8 (Rice) and the Mexican dwarf varieties (Wheat), resulting in a massive increase in cereal production [Per the Mendelian laws of trait segregation].
- Ganga-1: This was one of the first successful hybrid maize varieties released in India, optimized for specific agro-climatic zones [Per the Principles of Selection in Cross-Pollinated Crops].
- Pusa Jai Kisan: Developed via somaclonal variation, this variety demonstrates how modern biotechnological interventions supplement traditional hybridization methods [Per the Principles of Plant Tissue Culture].
- Hybrid-4: Recognized globally as the first successful commercial cotton hybrid, showcasing the utilization of male sterility systems to prevent self-pollination [Per the Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS) model].
Step 4: Visualizing the Hybridization Process (Simplified Pedigree)
Final Solution: Five prominent hybrid varieties developed in India are 1) Wheat: Sonalika, 2) Rice: Jaya, 3) Maize: Ganga-1, 4) Mustard: Pusa Jai Kisan, and 5) Cotton: Hybrid-4.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production EXERCISES
- Q1: Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
- Q2: If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertake to improve the quality and quantity of milk production?
- Q3: What is meant by the term ‘breed’? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
- Q4: Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which of the methods is best? Why?
- Q5: What is apiculture? How is it important in our lives?
- Q6: Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production.
- Q7: Briefly describe various steps involved in plant breeding.
- Q8: Explain what is meant by biofortification.
- Q9: Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why?
- Q10: What is the major advantage of producing plants by micropropagation?
- Q11: Find out what the various components of the medium used for propagation of an explant in vitro are?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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