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Q10(f):
Distinguish between: (f) cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Solution :
Definition and Theoretical Foundation
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is organized into two primary categories of nerves based on their anatomical origin and point of entry/exit from the Central Nervous System (CNS). Cranial nerves originate directly from the brain or brainstem, while spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord segments [Per anatomical classification of the PNS].
Comparative Analysis of Cranial and Spinal Nerves
| Feature | Cranial Nerves | Spinal Nerves |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Brain or Brainstem | Spinal cord |
| Numerical Total | 12 Pairs | 31 Pairs |
| Innervation Target | Head, neck, and thoracic/abdominal viscera (e.g., Vagus nerve) | Body wall, limbs, and trunk musculature |
| Functional Composition | Sensory, Motor, or Mixed | All are Mixed (both sensory and motor) |
Anatomical Representation
Detailed Physiological Justification
- Cranial Nerves ($CN\ I - XII$): These nerves provide direct communication between the brain and the sensory organs of the head (eyes, ears, nose) and the muscles of the face and neck. Per the Cranial Nerve Nuclei classification, some carry special sensory fibers (e.g., $CN\ I$ for Olfaction) [Ref: Sensory transduction pathways].
- Spinal Nerves: These are organized by vertebral levels: Cervical (8 pairs), Thoracic (12 pairs), Lumbar (5 pairs), Sacral (5 pairs), and Coccygeal (1 pair). Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a dorsal root (sensory) and a ventral root (motor) [Per the Bell-Magendie Law].
Final Solution: Cranial nerves (12 pairs) originate from the brain/brainstem and primarily serve head and neck structures, whereas spinal nerves (31 pairs) emerge from the spinal cord segments, are universally mixed (sensory and motor), and innervate the somatic tissues of the trunk and limbs.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Neural Control and Coordination EXERCISES
- Q1: Briefly describe the structure of the Brain
- Q2(a): Compare the following: (a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)
- Q2(b): Compare the following: (b) Resting potential and action potential
- Q3(a): Explain the following processes: (a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
- Q3(b): Explain the following processes: (b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
- Q3(c): Explain the following processes: (c) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse
- Q4(a): Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (a) Neuron
- Q4(b): Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (b) Brain
- Q5(a): Write short notes on the following: (a) Neural coordination
- Q5(b): Write short notes on the following: (b) Forebrain
- Q5(c): Write short notes on the following: (c) Midbrain
- Q5(d): Write short notes on the following: (d) Hindbrain
- Q5(e): Write short notes on the following: (e) Synapse
- Q6: Give a brief account of Mechanism of synaptic transmission.
- Q7: Explain the role of $Na^+$ in the generation of action potential.
- Q8(a): Differentiate between: (a) Myelinated and non-myelinated axons
- Q8(b): Differentiate between: (b) Dendrites and axons
- Q8(c): Differentiate between: (c) Thalamus and Hypothalamus
- Q8(d): Differentiate between: (d) Cerebrum and Cerebellum
- Q9(a): Answer the following: (a) Which part of the human brain is the most developed?
- Q9(b): Answer the following: (b) Which part of our central neural system acts as a master clock?
- Q10(a): Distinguish between: (a) afferent neurons and efferent neurons
- Q10(b): Distinguish between: (b) impulse conduction in a myelinated nerve fibre and unmyelinated nerve fibre
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Neural Control and Coordination
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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