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Q2(b):
Compare the following: (b) Resting potential and action potential
Solution :
1. Conceptual Definitions
The neural membrane exhibits electrical polarity due to the unequal distribution of ions across the phospholipid bilayer, maintained by active transport and selective permeability. The comparison between the resting state and the active state is fundamental to understanding signal propagation.
2. Comparative Data Analysis
| Feature | Resting Potential | Action Potential |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The membrane potential of a neuron at rest. | A rapid, temporary change in membrane potential. |
| Typical Value | $-70\text{ mV}$ (approximate). | $+30\text{ to } +40\text{ mV}$ (peak). |
| Ion Permeability | High $K^+$ permeability; low $Na^+$ permeability. | High $Na^+$ permeability (depolarization); high $K^+$ permeability (repolarization). |
| Active Mechanism | $Na^+/K^+$ pump maintains steady state. | Voltage-gated $Na^+$ and $K^+$ channels regulate flux. |
3. Physiological Progression
- Resting Membrane Potential (RMP): The interior of the axolemma is electronegative relative to the extracellular fluid. This state is maintained by the $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase pump, which transports $3\text{ }Na^+$ ions out for every $2\text{ }K^+$ ions moved in [Per the Electrogenic Pump Principle].
- Depolarization: Upon stimulation, voltage-gated $Na^+$ channels open. $Na^+$ ions rush into the intracellular space down their electrochemical gradient, causing the membrane potential to shift from $-70\text{ mV}$ towards a positive value [By the Law of Diffusion].
- Repolarization: Shortly after the peak, $Na^+$ channels inactivate, and voltage-gated $K^+$ channels open. The efflux of $K^+$ restores the negative internal charge, eventually returning the cell to the RMP state [Per the Repolarization Kinetics].
4. Graphical Visualization of Membrane Potential Changes
5. Conclusion
The resting potential represents a state of polarized preparedness, while the action potential represents a transient reversal of this polarization, facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon.
Final Solution: The resting potential is a stable negative state ($-70\text{ mV}$) maintained by the $Na^+/K^+$ pump, whereas the action potential is an excitable, rapid reversal of charge triggered by the influx of $Na^+$ ions through voltage-gated channels.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Neural Control and Coordination EXERCISES
- Q1: Briefly describe the structure of the Brain
- Q2(a): Compare the following: (a) Central neural system (CNS) and Peripheral neural system (PNS)
- Q3(a): Explain the following processes: (a) Polarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
- Q3(b): Explain the following processes: (b) Depolarisation of the membrane of a nerve fibre
- Q3(c): Explain the following processes: (c) Transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse
- Q4(a): Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (a) Neuron
- Q4(b): Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (b) Brain
- Q5(a): Write short notes on the following: (a) Neural coordination
- Q5(b): Write short notes on the following: (b) Forebrain
- Q5(c): Write short notes on the following: (c) Midbrain
- Q5(d): Write short notes on the following: (d) Hindbrain
- Q5(e): Write short notes on the following: (e) Synapse
- Q6: Give a brief account of Mechanism of synaptic transmission.
- Q7: Explain the role of $Na^+$ in the generation of action potential.
- Q8(a): Differentiate between: (a) Myelinated and non-myelinated axons
- Q8(b): Differentiate between: (b) Dendrites and axons
- Q8(c): Differentiate between: (c) Thalamus and Hypothalamus
- Q8(d): Differentiate between: (d) Cerebrum and Cerebellum
- Q9(a): Answer the following: (a) Which part of the human brain is the most developed?
- Q9(b): Answer the following: (b) Which part of our central neural system acts as a master clock?
- Q10(a): Distinguish between: (a) afferent neurons and efferent neurons
- Q10(b): Distinguish between: (b) impulse conduction in a myelinated nerve fibre and unmyelinated nerve fibre
- Q10(f): Distinguish between: (f) cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Neural Control and Coordination
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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