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Q8:
How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
Solution :
1. Conceptual Framework of Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. While the underlying objective—the partitioning of organelles and cytosol—is universal, the mechanical execution differs significantly due to the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants versus a flexible plasma membrane in animals.
2. Comparative Analysis of Mechanisms
| Feature | Animal Cell Cytokinesis | Plant Cell Cytokinesis |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Cleavage Furrow (Centripetal) | Cell Plate Formation (Centrifugal) |
| Directionality | Outside to Inside | Inside to Outside |
| Contractile Elements | Actin-myosin contractile ring | Phragmoplast (microtubules & vesicles) |
| Final Structure | Midbody and separation | Middle Lamella |
3. Step-by-Step Derivation: Animal Cell Cytokinesis
- Step 1: Initiation: After telophase, a contractile ring composed of actin filaments and myosin II proteins forms just beneath the plasma membrane at the cell equator [Per the sliding filament theory].
- Step 2: Constriction: The ring contracts, pulling the plasma membrane inward, creating a groove known as the cleavage furrow.
- Step 3: Abscission: The furrow deepens until it completely pinches the parental cell into two distinct daughter cells [By plasma membrane fusion].
4. Step-by-Step Derivation: Plant Cell Cytokinesis
- Step 1: Phragmoplast Assembly: Because the rigid cell wall prevents pinching, Golgi-derived vesicles containing cell wall precursors (pectin, hemicellulose) migrate to the center of the cell, guided by a microtubule framework called the phragmoplast.
- Step 2: Coalescence: These vesicles fuse to form a disc-like structure called the cell plate.
- Step 3: Expansion: The cell plate grows centrifugally (outwards) until its edges fuse with the lateral plasma membranes and existing parental cell walls.
- Step 4: Maturation: The contents of the cell plate become the middle lamella, and primary cell walls are deposited on either side [As dictated by the deposition of cellulose microfibrils].
5. Visual Representation: Cytokinetic Mechanisms
Final Solution: Cytokinesis in animal cells occurs via the centripetal formation of a cleavage furrow mediated by an actin-myosin contractile ring, whereas cytokinesis in plant cells occurs via the centrifugal formation of a cell plate from Golgi-derived vesicles at the phragmoplast, as the rigid cell wall prohibits external constriction.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
- Q2: Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
- Q3: Describe the events taking place during interphase.
- Q4: What is $G_0$ (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?
- Q5: Why is mitosis called equational division?
- Q6(i): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.
- Q6(ii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
- Q6(iii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q6(iv): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q7(a): Describe the following: (a) synapsis Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(b): Describe the following: (b) bivalent Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(c): Describe the following: (c) chiasmata Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q9: Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.
- Q10: Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
- Q11: List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
- Q12: What is the significance of meiosis?
- Q13(i): Discuss with your teacher about (i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and
- Q13(ii): Discuss with your teacher about (ii) some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.
- Q14: Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
- Q15: Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
- Q16(i): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (i) number of chromosomes ($N$) per cell
- Q16(ii): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (ii) amount of DNA content ($C$) per cell
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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