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Q10:
Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
Solution :
Biological Basis of Chromosomal Segregation
To differentiate between the anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis, one must analyze the physical behavior of chromosomes, the role of centromeres, and the resulting genetic constitution of the daughter cells.
Comparative Analysis Table
| Feature | Anaphase (Mitosis) | Anaphase I (Meiosis) |
|---|---|---|
| Centromere Status | Centromeres split; chromatids separate. | Centromeres do not split; dyads remain intact. |
| Entity Segregating | Sister chromatids. | Homologous chromosomes. |
| Genetic Effect | Each pole receives identical genetic material. | Reduction in ploidy; independent assortment of maternal/paternal sets. |
| Chromosome Count | Doubles temporarily as chromatids become chromosomes. | Remains the same as the start of Meiosis I. |
Step 1: Mechanism of Mitotic Anaphase
In Mitosis, the enzyme separase cleaves the cohesin proteins holding the sister chromatids together at the centromere [Per the Cohesin Cleavage Model]. Once the tension is released, the spindle fibers attached to the kinetochores shorten, pulling the now individual daughter chromosomes toward opposite spindle poles. This ensures that the diploid ($2n$) chromosome number is maintained in the daughter cells.
Step 2: Mechanism of Anaphase I (Meiosis)
In Meiosis I, the sister chromatids remain physically attached at their centromeres because the protein shugoshin protects the cohesin at the centromeric region from cleavage [Per the Shugoshin Protection Hypothesis]. Instead, the entire homologous pair—previously held together by chiasmata formed during Prophase I—is pulled apart by the spindle apparatus. This results in the separation of homologous pairs rather than chromatids.
Visual Representation of Segregation Dynamics
Step 3: Justification of Biological Outcomes
The distinction is fundamental for evolutionary biology:
- Mitosis: Ensures clonal expansion. By splitting sister chromatids, the genetic integrity of the somatic line is preserved.
- Meiosis I: Known as the reductional division. By separating homologous chromosomes, it achieves two critical objectives:
- Reduction of ploidy from $2n$ to $n$.
- Genetic recombination through independent assortment of homologous pairs.
Final Solution: The fundamental difference is that in Mitosis Anaphase, the centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles, whereas in Anaphase I of Meiosis, centromeres remain intact, allowing entire homologous chromosome pairs to migrate, thereby reducing the chromosomal count by half.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
- Q2: Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
- Q3: Describe the events taking place during interphase.
- Q4: What is $G_0$ (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?
- Q5: Why is mitosis called equational division?
- Q6(i): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.
- Q6(ii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
- Q6(iii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q6(iv): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q7(a): Describe the following: (a) synapsis Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(b): Describe the following: (b) bivalent Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(c): Describe the following: (c) chiasmata Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q8: How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
- Q9: Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.
- Q11: List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
- Q12: What is the significance of meiosis?
- Q13(i): Discuss with your teacher about (i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and
- Q13(ii): Discuss with your teacher about (ii) some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.
- Q14: Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
- Q15: Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
- Q16(i): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (i) number of chromosomes ($N$) per cell
- Q16(ii): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (ii) amount of DNA content ($C$) per cell
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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