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Q11:
List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Solution :
Step 1: Theoretical Framework of Cellular Division
Cellular division is categorized into two distinct processes: Mitosis (somatic cell division resulting in genetic constancy) and Meiosis (reductional division in germ cells resulting in genetic diversity). The following table delineates the fundamental discrepancies between these two mechanisms.
| Feature | Mitosis (Equational Division) | Meiosis (Reductional Division) |
|---|---|---|
| Occurrence | Somatic (body) cells. | Germ cells (gametogenesis). |
| Number of Divisions | Single division (one cycle of PMAT). | Two successive divisions (Meiosis I and II). |
| Daughter Cell Count | Two diploid ($2n$) cells. | Four haploid ($n$) cells. |
| Genetic Composition | Genetically identical to parent. | Genetically distinct due to recombination. |
| Synapsis/Crossing Over | Absent [Per genetic continuity principles]. | Present during Prophase I [Per synaptonemal complex formation]. |
| Biological Function | Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. | Sexual reproduction and gamete formation. |
Step 2: Graphical Representation of Division Dynamics
Step 3: Analytical Justification of Differences
- Genetic Recombination: During Meiosis I (specifically Pachytene sub-stage of Prophase I), non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments via chiasmata [Per the Theory of Genetic Recombination]. This process is entirely absent in Mitosis, ensuring that somatic cells retain the original genome.
- Chromosomal Segregation: In Mitosis, centromeres split during Anaphase, separating sister chromatids. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosome pairs (bivalents) separate, while centromeres remain intact until Anaphase II [Per the Law of Segregation].
- Ploidy Regulation: Mitosis maintains ploidy levels ($2n \rightarrow 2n$) essential for tissue maintenance, whereas Meiosis halves the ploidy ($2n \rightarrow n$) to facilitate the restoration of the diploid state upon fertilization.
Final Solution: Mitosis results in two identical diploid daughter cells through a single division cycle, serving growth and repair. Meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid daughter cells through two sequential division cycles, serving the requirements of sexual reproduction.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division EXERCISES
- Q1: What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell?
- Q2: Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.
- Q3: Describe the events taking place during interphase.
- Q4: What is $G_0$ (quiescent phase) of cell cycle?
- Q5: Why is mitosis called equational division?
- Q6(i): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (i) Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator.
- Q6(ii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (ii) Centromere splits and chromatids separate.
- Q6(iii): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iii) Pairing between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q6(iv): Name the stage of cell cycle at which one of the following events occur: (iv) Crossing over between homologous chromosomes takes place.
- Q7(a): Describe the following: (a) synapsis Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(b): Describe the following: (b) bivalent Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q7(c): Describe the following: (c) chiasmata Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
- Q8: How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?
- Q9: Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.
- Q10: Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.
- Q12: What is the significance of meiosis?
- Q13(i): Discuss with your teacher about (i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and
- Q13(ii): Discuss with your teacher about (ii) some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.
- Q14: Can there be mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
- Q15: Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
- Q16(i): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (i) number of chromosomes ($N$) per cell
- Q16(ii): Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two parameters change (ii) amount of DNA content ($C$) per cell
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Cell Cycle and Division
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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