Kanpur

Dr Gauri Joshi replied | 1 day ago

The cell cycle consists of two main phases: Interphase and M phase (Mitotic phase). Interphase is further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases, while M phase includes mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis. 

Interphase: This is the period of cell growth and DNA replication, preparing the cell for division. It's divided into: 

G1 phase (Gap 1): The cell grows and carries out normal metabolic activities.

S phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, doubling the amount of genetic material.

G2 phase (Gap 2): The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis, synthesizing necessary proteins and organelles.

M phase (Mitotic phase): This is the actual cell division phase, consisting of:

Mitosis: The process of nuclear division, where duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical sets. This is further divided into:

Prophase: Chromosomes condense, become visible, and the mitotic spindle begins to form. 

Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center of the cell (metaphase plate). 

Anaphase: Sister chromatids (now chromosomes) are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. 

Telophase: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, decondense, and new nuclear membranes form around them. 

Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells. 

Shaiha replied | 1 day ago

What is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle is the series of events a cell goes through to grow and divide into two new cells.

It has two major phases:

1. Interphase – The cell prepares to divide

2. M phase (Mitotic Phase) – The cell actually divides

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🔹 1. INTERPHASE (Preparation Phase)

Interphase is the longest phase, where the cell grows and gets ready to divide.

It is divided into 3 stages:

🟢 G1 Phase (Gap 1)

The cell grows in size

Makes proteins and organelles

Very active stage (but no DNA copying yet)

📝 Think: Grow First

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🔵 S Phase (Synthesis)

The cell copies its DNA

Now the cell has double the genetic material

📝 Think: S = Synthesize = DNA copying

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🟣 G2 Phase (Gap 2)

Cell prepares for division

Makes enzymes needed for mitosis

Checks for DNA errors

📝 Think: Get ready to Go!

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🔸 2. M PHASE (Mitosis)

Now the cell actually divides into two identical daughter cells.

M phase has two parts:

Mitosis (division of nucleus)

Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

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🌟 Mitosis is divided into 4 stages:

🟠 Prophase

Chromosomes become visible

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Spindle fibers start to form

📝 Think: Prepare the chromosomes

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🟡 Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Spindle fibers attach to them

📝 Think: M = Middle

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🟢 Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart

Each side gets equal halves

📝 Think: A = Away

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🔵 Telophase

Nuclear membrane reappears

Two new nuclei form

Cell starts to pinch

📝 Think: T = Two nuclei

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🟤 Cytokinesis (Final Step)

The cell’s cytoplasm splits

Two identical cells are formed

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🌈 Summary Table:

Phase What Happens?

G1 Cell grows

S DNA copied

G2 Cell prepares for division

Prophase Chromosomes visible, spindle forms

Metaphase Chromosomes line up in center

Anaphase Chromosomes pulled apart

Telophase Two nuclei form

Cytokinesis Cell splits into two

Kanika Rawat replied | 3 days ago

Carbon has a valency of 4, so it forms four covalent bonds with other atoms.

It can bond with carbon atoms as well as other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, etc.The property of catenation allows carbon to form long chains and rings.These chains can be straight, branched, or cyclic.This is why carbon forms a large number of compounds called organic compounds.

Santosh Gupta replied | 2 days ago

Valency of carbon is 4 as it has 6 atomic number.  Carbons can join to each other to form long chains atoms of other elements can then attach to the chain. It can be linked by single,double and triple covalent bonds.It can also arrange themselves in rings.

Kalaiselvi replied | 3 days ago

Corporate training is workplace education that helps employees improve skills, knowledge, and performance for their job roles.

Yogesh Yadav replied | 1 day ago

Corporate training is a program designed to improve employees' skills, knowledge, and performance to meet organizational goals.