Find the best tutors and institutes for Class 12 Tuition
Q5:
Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
Solution :
1. Conceptual Foundation of DNA Vaccines
A DNA vaccine involves the direct introduction of a specific plasmid DNA sequence encoding an antigen into the tissues of the host. Unlike traditional vaccines that introduce attenuated or inactivated pathogens, DNA vaccines utilize the host's cellular machinery (ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum) to synthesize the antigenic protein [Per the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology].
2. Definition of 'A Suitable Gene'
In the context of DNA vaccines, a 'suitable gene' refers to a specific nucleotide sequence that meets stringent biological and immunological criteria to induce a robust protective immune response. The criteria are as follows:
- Immunogenicity: The gene must encode an epitope or a protein fragment that is recognized as 'non-self' by the host's immune system, specifically triggering both humoral (B-cell) and cell-mediated (T-cell) immune responses.
- Conservation: The gene should be chosen from a highly conserved region of the pathogen's genome to ensure that the vaccine remains effective against various strains or mutations of the target virus or bacteria.
- Non-pathogenicity: The gene sequence must encode only the structural component or a non-toxic protein of the pathogen, ensuring that no active infection or viral replication occurs upon injection.
- Host Expression Compatibility: The gene must be linked to a strong eukaryotic promoter (e.g., CMV promoter) to ensure high-level transcription within human host cells.
3. Schematic Representation of DNA Vaccine Mechanism
4. Comparative Selection Criteria
| Feature | Requirement for 'Suitable Gene' |
|---|---|
| Promoter | Must be strong and eukaryotic-specific. |
| Codon Bias | Optimized for human codon usage to enhance translation efficiency. |
| Secretory Signal | May include sequences to ensure the protein is secreted for better immune recognition. |
5. Analytical Conclusion
To conclude, a 'suitable gene' for a DNA vaccine is not merely any sequence from a pathogen; it is a meticulously selected, codon-optimized, and immunologically relevant sequence that instructs the host cell to act as an endogenous bioreactor. This process facilitates the presentation of antigens via MHC Class I and MHC Class II pathways [Per the principles of Immunology], thereby generating long-term immunological memory.
Final Solution: A 'suitable gene' in DNA vaccines is a specific, non-pathogenic, and immunogenic nucleotide sequence that, when introduced into the host, successfully directs the synthesis of a protein capable of eliciting a protective adaptive immune response without causing disease.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
Top Tutors who teach Human Health and Disease
Top Tutor
Jind, Jind
7 yrs of
Exp
1 student
31 hrs of classes completed
250
per hour
Online Classes
Tutor's home
my biggest accomplishment is that students taught by me get above 90 %.
Top Tutor
Koramangala 8th Block, Bangalore
8 yrs of
Exp
15 students
55 hrs of classes completed
700
per hour
Online Classes
I believe mathematics becomes easy once it is learned the right way. Currently pursuing a PhD in Mathematics with 7 years of teaching experience for JEE Main & Advanced, CBSE, AS/A Levels, IB HL/SL, and IGCSE, State Boards. I focus on conceptual understanding and problem-solving rather than rote learning. My goal is to help students think mathematically, build confidence, and truly enjoy the subject with patience and clarity.
Great teacher he's great at explaining topics, he is fast at teaching so you should ask all doubts immediately he gives lots of homework but still recommended.
Top Tutor
CUC, Gachibowli, Hyderabad
5 yrs of
Exp
2 students
3 hrs of classes completed
375
per hour
Online Classes
I am avid learner of Science and have helped several students improve their understanding and hence academic performances.Currently,I am doing my Ph.d. in Mathematics from IISER Bhopal. I have done my Bachelors in Mathematics from IGNOU. I have also completed M.Sc. in Pure Mathematics from University of Hyderabad in 2024. I have successfully managed to clear GATE, NET JRF in Mathematical science..To spread my love for Mathematics and Physics I have been teaching Mathematics and Physics for the past 6 years (std 9-12, B.Sc and M.Sc). So ,If you want to understand the concepts of mathematics and physics, I am here to help you with that. I also provide Customized notes and exercise to focus on the area of improvement .Classes are recorded so that you can go through them anytime and refresh/ revise the topics. I have all the necessary tools for online classes. So, hope to see you in Demo.
It was a very nice experience. He went very in-depth and clear. It was very useful. I studied maths for CBSE board.
Top Tutor
Sector 49, Gurgaon
12 yrs of
Exp
1 student
1400
per hour
Student's Home
Focus is on building the fundamentals of both Accounting and economics and making it easy to understand. Have been delivering excellent and above anticipated results. A good score follows with better understanding of the concepts. Learning is fun with the way we do our classes. Must take a demo before making up the mind for starting or not to start the classes.
Sudhanshu Sir is an excellent economics teacher who explains every concept in a very simple and clear way. His teaching style makes even difficult topics easy to understand, and he is always patient while solving doubts. Thanks to his guidance, my interest and confidence in economics have improved a lot.
Top Tutor
Panduranga Nagar Sahyadri Layout, Bangalore
12 yrs of
Exp
8 students
20 hrs of classes completed
800
per hour
Online Classes
I have 12years of teaching experience in Biology NEET LEVEL. So I can teach according to level of the students and help them to secure good marks in boards as well as neet.
