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Q4:
What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
Solution :
1. Theoretical Foundation: Transmission Dynamics
Water-borne diseases (e.g., Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A, Amoebiasis) are caused by pathogenic microorganisms—primarily bacteria, viruses, and protozoa—that enter the human body via the fecal-oral route. [Per the epidemiological chain of infection, the primary reservoir is contaminated water, and the portal of entry is the digestive tract].
2. Preventative Strategic Framework
To interrupt the transmission cycle, preventative measures must be implemented at both the source (environmental) and the individual (behavioral) levels.
| Category | Specific Measure | Mechanism of Action |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Sanitation | Proper Sewage Disposal | Prevents leaching of enteric pathogens into groundwater and surface water reservoirs. |
| Water Treatment | Filtration and Chlorination | [Per chemical disinfection protocols], Chlorine ($Cl_2$) or Sodium Hypochlorite ($NaOCl$) inactivates microbes by oxidizing their cellular components. |
| Personal Hygiene | Handwashing Protocol | Removes transient pathogens post-defecation; prevents cross-contamination of fomites and food. |
| Thermal Disinfection | Boiling Water ($100^\circ C$) | Denatures proteins and destroys structural integrity of pathogens (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi). |
3. Visual Representation of Water Safety Cycle
4. Detailed Implementation Protocols
- Water Purification: Utilizing household filters with reverse osmosis (RO) or UV-sterilization modules. [Per biophysical principles, UV radiation induces thymine dimers in microbial DNA, inhibiting replication].
- Fecal-Oral Barrier: Construction and maintenance of sanitary latrines to prevent the open-air defecation cycle.
- Food Safety: Washing raw fruits and vegetables with potable water to eliminate pathogen cysts or eggs (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides).
- Community Education: Awareness regarding the boiling of water during seasonal outbreaks, specifically focusing on the destruction of thermo-labile pathogens.
Final Solution: Prevention of water-borne diseases requires a multi-pronged approach involving the provision of safe, chlorinated, or filtered water; the maintenance of sanitary sewage disposal systems to prevent environmental contamination; the adherence to rigorous hand hygiene; and the boiling of water in endemic conditions to ensure the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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