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Q1:
What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
Solution :
1. Analysis of Infectious Disease Transmission Dynamics
Infectious diseases are transmitted via various routes, including contact, air, water, and biological vectors. Public health measures must therefore target the specific mode of transmission to disrupt the chain of infection. The following table categorizes these measures based on their physiological and environmental impact:
| Transmission Route | Public Health Intervention | Scientific Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Water-borne/Food-borne | Provision of potable water | Elimination of pathogens (e.g., Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae) [Per WHO sanitation standards]. |
| Vector-borne | Vector control programs | Destruction of breeding sites (e.g., stagnant water) to disrupt the life cycle of mosquitoes like Anopheles or Aedes. |
| Airborne | Quarantine and isolation | Reducing $R_0$ (Basic Reproduction Number) by limiting susceptible host exposure. |
Step 2: Implementation of Sanitation and Hygiene Protocols
Sanitation is the primary barrier against fecal-oral transmission. The following protocols are imperative:
- Waste Management: Systematic disposal of human excreta to prevent contamination of groundwater aquifers [Law of Hygiene].
- Food Hygiene: Strict regulation of public food handling to prevent the growth of microbial biofilms and food-poisoning agents.
- Personal Hygiene: Hand hygiene using detergents, which disrupt the lipid bilayer of enveloped viruses, effectively neutralizing them.
Step 3: Vector Control and Environmental Engineering
Vector-borne diseases (e.g., Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya) are best controlled by environmental modification rather than prophylactic drug administration alone.
Step 4: Immunization and Surveillance
Immunization operates on the principle of Herd Immunity. By vaccinating a critical threshold ($P_c$) of the population, the probability of an infected individual encountering a susceptible individual becomes statistically negligible [Mathematical Model: $P_c = 1 - 1/R_0$].
- Prophylaxis: Widespread immunization programs (e.g., Pulse Polio, DPT, Hepatitis B) to induce immunological memory through memory B and T cells.
- Active Surveillance: Tracking of epidemiological data to identify hotspots and implement localized containment measures (Contact Tracing).
Final Solution: Public health measures against infectious diseases must integrate: (1) Maintenance of high standards of personal and public hygiene, (2) Systematic environmental sanitation to prevent vector breeding, (3) Rigorous vaccination schedules to ensure community-wide herd immunity, and (4) Proper waste and excreta disposal to eliminate environmental pathogen reservoirs.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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