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Q4:
What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
Solution :
Analytical Framework: Preventive Measures for Water-Borne Pathogens
Water-borne diseases are caused by the ingestion of water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi), viruses (e.g., Hepatitis A), and protozoa (e.g., Giardia lamblia). Preventive strategies are predicated on the interruption of the fecal-oral route of transmission [Per Epidemiological Transmission Dynamics].
Step 1: Primary Prevention via Sanitation and Infrastructure
The foremost objective is the protection of water sources from fecal contamination. This requires the implementation of a multi-barrier approach:
- Sewerage Management: Ensuring that human and animal waste is treated in septic tanks or municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) before discharge, preventing the leaching of pathogens into groundwater.
- Sanitary Latrines: Promoting the construction of "closed-pit" latrines to isolate excreta from the environment, effectively breaking the cycle of contamination [Per Public Health Engineering Standards].
Step 2: Secondary Prevention via Water Purification
For drinking water, chemical and physical treatments are required to ensure the absence of biological agents:
| Method | Mechanism of Action |
|---|---|
| Boiling | Thermal denaturation of pathogen proteins and disruption of cell membranes at $100^\circ C$. |
| Chlorination | Oxidative damage to microbial enzymes and genetic material ($Cl_2 + H_2O \rightarrow HOCl + HCl$). |
| Filtration (RO/UV) | Physical exclusion of solutes/pathogens via semi-permeable membranes or DNA-degradation via UV radiation. |
Step 3: Implementation of Personal and Community Hygiene
Behavioral interventions serve as a critical defense against autoinfection and cross-contamination:
- Hand Hygiene: Adherence to rigorous handwashing protocols using soap after defecation and before food consumption to neutralize transient flora.
- Storage Protocol: Using covered containers to store potable water to prevent re-contamination via domestic vectors like flies or dirty hands.
- Food Safety: Washing vegetables and fruits with clean, chlorinated water to eliminate cysts or bacteria present on surfaces.
Technical Visualization of Pathogen Transmission Interruption
Step 4: Public Health Vigilance
Effective prevention requires the periodic monitoring of water quality parameters, specifically Total Coliform Counts (TCC), which serve as biological indicators of fecal contamination. Compliance with WHO and local national health guidelines for drinking water quality is mandatory to mitigate the risk of epidemics like cholera and typhoid [Per Environmental Health Criteria].
Final Solution: Prevention of water-borne diseases is achieved through a combination of infrastructural sanitation (proper sewage disposal), rigorous water treatment (boiling, chlorination, or filtration), and strict personal hygiene practices, all functioning to disconnect the fecal-oral route of transmission.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q1: What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q2: In which way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases?
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(a): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (a) Amoebiasis
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(b): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (b) Malaria
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(c): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (c) Ascariasis
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q3(d): How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place? (d) Pneumonia
- Q4: What measure would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q5: Discuss with your teacher what does ‘a suitable gene’ means, in the context of DNA vaccines.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q6: Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(a): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (a) MALT
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(b): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (b) CMI
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(c): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (c) AIDS
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(d): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (d) NACO
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q7(e): The following are some well-known abbreviations, which have been used in this chapter. Expand each one to its full form: (e) HIV
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(a): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (a) Innate and acquired immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q8(b): Differentiate the following and give examples of each: (b) Active and passive immunity
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q9: Draw a well-labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q10: What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno-deficiency virus takes place?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q11: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency of immune system of the infected person?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q12: How is a cancerous cell different from a normal cell?
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q13: Explain what is meant by metastasis.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q14: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q15: Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q16: Why is that once a person starts taking alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of this habit? Discuss it with your teacher.
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
- Q17: In your view what motivates youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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