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Q9(b):
Discuss briefly the following:
(b) Defunct ships and e-wastes
Solution :
1. Defunct Ships: The Mechanics of Ship-Breaking
Defunct ships, often referred to as "end-of-life" vessels, represent a critical environmental and toxicological challenge. The process of dismantling these vessels is known as ship-breaking. The environmental impact is primarily dictated by the presence of hazardous materials within the ship's structure.
- Composition of Hazards: Ships are constructed using large quantities of asbestos, lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy fuel oil residues. [Per the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal].
- Environmental Degradation: In many developing nations, ships are "beached" during high tide and dismantled manually. This practice leads to the direct leaching of toxic paints, heavy metals, and oil sludge into the coastal intertidal zones, destroying local marine biodiversity and contaminating groundwater.
- Human Health Impact: Workers in ship-breaking yards are exposed to toxic fumes during gas-cutting of steel plates and inhalation of asbestos fibers, leading to chronic respiratory diseases and carcinogenic outcomes.
2. E-Wastes: The Global Crisis of Electronic Discards
E-waste (electronic waste) comprises discarded electrical or electronic devices, including computers, mobile phones, televisions, and circuit boards. This is the fastest-growing waste stream globally due to rapid technological obsolescence.
| Component | Associated Toxin | Biological Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) | Lead, Barium | Neurotoxicity and kidney damage |
| Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) | Brominated Flame Retardants | Endocrine disruption |
| Switches and Sensors | Mercury | Bioaccumulation in the food chain (Minamata disease) |
3. Integrated Management Strategies
The mitigation of these hazards requires a transition from informal, hazardous disposal to institutionalized recycling frameworks:
- Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): [Per Environmental Law and Policy] Mandating that manufacturers retain responsibility for the post-consumer phase of their products, incentivizing "Design for Environment" (DfE).
- Environmentally Sound Management (ESM): Implementing secondary raw material recovery (urban mining). By extracting precious metals ($Au, Ag, Cu$) from e-waste, the reliance on primary extraction via mining is reduced, lowering the overall ecological footprint.
- Hazardous Waste Mapping: The following SVG illustrates the flow of hazardous materials from industrial legacy sources into the biosphere if not contained.
Final Solution: Defunct ships and e-wastes are significant sources of heavy metals and non-biodegradable synthetic toxins. Their management requires industrial-scale recycling and adherence to the Basel Convention to prevent catastrophic environmental degradation and public health crises in developing nations.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Environmental Issues EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river.
- Q1: What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river.
- Q2: List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?
- Q2: List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?
- Q3: Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming?
- Q3: Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming?
- Q4: Match the items given in column A and B:
- Q4: Match the items given in column A and B: Column A Column B (a) Catalytic converter (i) Particulate matter (b) Electrostatic precipitator (ii) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (c) Earmuffs (iii) High noise level (d) Landfills (iv) Solid wastes
- Q5(a): Write critical notes on the following: (a) Eutrophication
- Q5(a): Write critical notes on the following: (a) Eutrophication
- Q5(b): Write critical notes on the following: (b) Biological magnification
- Q5(b): Write critical notes on the following: (b) Biological magnification
- Q5(c): Write critical notes on the following: (c) Groundwater depletion and ways for its replenishment
- Q5(c): Write critical notes on the following: (c) Groundwater depletion and ways for its replenishment
- Q6: Why does ozone hole form over Antarctica? How will enhanced ultraviolet radiation affect us?
- Q6: Why does ozone hole form over Antarctica? How will enhanced ultraviolet radiation affect us?
- Q7: Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
- Q7: Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
- Q8: What measures, as an individual, would you take to reduce environmental pollution?
- Q8: What measures, as an individual, would you take to reduce environmental pollution?
- Q9(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes
- Q9(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes
- Q9(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes
- Q9(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Municipal solid wastes
- Q9(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Municipal solid wastes
- Q10: What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
- Q10: What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
- Q11(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases
- Q11(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases
- Q11(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Catalytic converter
- Q11(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Catalytic converter
- Q11(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Ultraviolet B
- Q11(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Ultraviolet B
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Environmental Issues
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
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