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Q3:
Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming?
Solution :
1. Theoretical Foundation of Global Warming
Global warming is defined as the abnormal rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature due to the intensified Greenhouse Effect. The natural greenhouse effect allows life on Earth by maintaining a global average temperature of $15^\circ C$ (without it, the surface would be approximately $-18^\circ C$). The anthropogenic enhancement of this effect occurs through the accumulation of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) in the troposphere, which trap long-wave infrared radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface [Per the Stefan-Boltzmann Law of radiation emission].
2. Causes of Global Warming
The primary driver is the increase in the concentration of atmospheric GHGs. The relative contribution of these gases is detailed below:
| Greenhouse Gas | Primary Source |
|---|---|
| Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$) | Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation (loss of carbon sinks). |
| Methane ($CH_4$) | Enteric fermentation (livestock), landfills, paddy cultivation. |
| Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | Industrial coolants, aerosol propellants. |
| Nitrous Oxide ($N_2O$) | Chemical fertilizers, industrial manufacturing. |
3. Effects of Global Warming
The rise in atmospheric temperature triggers a cascade of ecological disturbances:
- Cryospheric Decay: The melting of polar ice caps and glaciers leads to the rise in global mean sea levels [Per the principle of thermal expansion of water and cryospheric melt contribution].
- Climatic Variability: Increased frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, catastrophic hurricanes, and unseasonal precipitation cycles.
- Biodiversity Loss: Rapid shifts in temperature exceed the adaptive capacity of many species, leading to habitat fragmentation and potential extinction [Per the Competitive Exclusion Principle and Niche Theory].
- Agricultural Instability: Alterations in photosynthetic efficiency and soil moisture availability, affecting global food security.
4. Visual Representation: Greenhouse Effect Mechanism
5. Remedial Measures
To stabilize the planetary energy budget, the following interventions are globally recognized as mandatory:
- Decarbonization: Transitioning from fossil fuel-based energy matrices to renewable energy (solar, wind, geothermal) to reduce the anthropogenic input of $CO_2$.
- Afforestation/Reforestation: Increasing the sequestration of atmospheric carbon through the expansion of forest biomass [Per the Carbon Cycle equilibrium requirement].
- Methane Emission Reduction: Improving livestock management and waste treatment protocols in landfills.
- Legislative and Policy Implementation: Adhering to international frameworks like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to enforce emission limits.
Final Solution: Global warming is the systematic rise in Earth's temperature caused by the elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases ($CO_2, CH_4, N_2O, CFCs$), resulting in sea-level rise, habitat loss, and climate instability. Mitigation requires an immediate global reduction in fossil fuel reliance, aggressive reforestation, and adherence to international carbon-reduction treaties.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Environmental Issues EXERCISES
- Q1: What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river.
- Q1: What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of sewage discharge on a river.
- Q2: List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?
- Q2: List all the wastes that you generate, at home, school or during your trips to other places. Could you very easily reduce the generation of these wastes? Which would be difficult or rather impossible to reduce?
- Q3: Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming?
- Q4: Match the items given in column A and B:
- Q4: Match the items given in column A and B: Column A Column B (a) Catalytic converter (i) Particulate matter (b) Electrostatic precipitator (ii) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (c) Earmuffs (iii) High noise level (d) Landfills (iv) Solid wastes
- Q5(a): Write critical notes on the following: (a) Eutrophication
- Q5(a): Write critical notes on the following: (a) Eutrophication
- Q5(b): Write critical notes on the following: (b) Biological magnification
- Q5(b): Write critical notes on the following: (b) Biological magnification
- Q5(c): Write critical notes on the following: (c) Groundwater depletion and ways for its replenishment
- Q5(c): Write critical notes on the following: (c) Groundwater depletion and ways for its replenishment
- Q6: Why does ozone hole form over Antarctica? How will enhanced ultraviolet radiation affect us?
- Q6: Why does ozone hole form over Antarctica? How will enhanced ultraviolet radiation affect us?
- Q7: Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
- Q7: Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests.
- Q8: What measures, as an individual, would you take to reduce environmental pollution?
- Q8: What measures, as an individual, would you take to reduce environmental pollution?
- Q9(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes
- Q9(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes
- Q9(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes
- Q9(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes
- Q9(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Municipal solid wastes
- Q9(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Municipal solid wastes
- Q10: What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
- Q10: What initiatives were taken for reducing vehicular air pollution in Delhi? Has air quality improved in Delhi?
- Q11(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases
- Q11(a): Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases
- Q11(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Catalytic converter
- Q11(b): Discuss briefly the following: (b) Catalytic converter
- Q11(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Ultraviolet B
- Q11(c): Discuss briefly the following: (c) Ultraviolet B
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Environmental Issues
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
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