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Q9(i):
Define and understand the following terms:
(i) Phylum
Solution :
1. Definition of Phylum in Biological Taxonomy
A Phylum (plural: Phyla) is a major taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of organisms. It is situated hierarchically below the level of Kingdom and above the level of Class [Per the Linnaean hierarchical classification system]. In the context of animals (Kingdom Animalia), a phylum groups together organisms that share a fundamental body plan or structural organization, such as the presence of a notochord or a specific type of symmetry.
2. Hierarchical Positioning
To contextualize the Phylum within the broader taxonomic framework, refer to the following sequence of decreasing inclusivity:
| Rank | Description |
|---|---|
| Domain | Highest taxonomic rank |
| Kingdom | Broadest group (e.g., Animalia) |
| Phylum | Based on common structural features |
| Class | Sub-group of Phylum |
3. Criteria for Categorization
The assignment of an organism to a specific Phylum is determined by diagnostic features that define the "Bauplan" or structural design of the organism. Key determinants include:
- Symmetry: Radial, Bilateral, or Asymmetrical.
- Germ Layers: Diploblastic (two layers) vs. Triploblastic (three layers).
- Coelom: Presence or absence of a body cavity (Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, or Eucoelomate).
- Structural Innovation: Examples include the presence of a notochord ($Phylum: Chordata$) or water vascular system ($Phylum: Echinodermata$).
4. Visual Representation: Taxonomic Hierarchy
5. Examples of Phyla in Animalia
Taxonomic classification relies on distinct features to differentiate phyla:
- Phylum Chordata: Defined by the presence of a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some stage of development [Reference: Taxonomic Diagnostic Criteria].
- Phylum Arthropoda: Defined by the presence of jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton.
- Phylum Porifera: Defined by a cellular-level organization and the presence of pores (ostia) throughout the body.
Final Solution: A Phylum is a taxonomic category higher than Class and lower than Kingdom, consisting of one or more classes of organisms that exhibit a shared, fundamental structural body plan, such as the presence of common physiological or morphological characteristics derived from an evolutionary lineage.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology The Living World EXERCISES
- Q1: Why are living organisms classified?
- Q2: Why are the classification systems changing every now and then?
- Q3: What different criteria would you choose to classify people that you meet often?
- Q4: What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?
- Q5: Given below is the scientific name of Mango. Identify the correctly written name. Mangifera Indica Mangifera indica
- Q6: Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
- Q7: Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?
- Q8: Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word ‘species’. Discuss with your teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand, and bacteria on the other hand.
- Q9(ii): Define and understand the following terms: (ii) Class
- Q9(iii): Define and understand the following terms: (iii) Family
- Q9(iv): Define and understand the following terms: (iv) Order
- Q9(v): Define and understand the following terms: (v) Genus
- Q10: Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples of a plant and an animal.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology The Living World
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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