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The cell cycle consists of two main phases: interphase and the M phase.  is further divided into three parts: G1, S, and G2, while the M phase includes  and cytokinesis. During the G1 phase, the cell grows and performs its normal functions, synthesizing proteins and organelles. The  involves DNA synthesis, where chromosomes replicate, and centrosomes are duplicated, which is crucial for forming the mitotic spindle during mitosis. In the , the cell continues to grow and prepares for division.

The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis itself is divided into four stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In prometaphase, the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers. During metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis follows mitosis, where the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, forming two daughter cells.

The valency of carbon is four. The property of carbon that leads to forming long chain compounds is called catenation, which is the ability of carbon atoms to form bonds with other carbon atoms, allowing the formation of long chains and rings.