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Q1:
Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel.
Solution :
1. Biological Basis for Selection
Gregor Mendel’s selection of the garden pea (Pisum sativum) was a foundational decision in classical genetics. The advantages are categorized into biological feasibility, genetic distinctiveness, and statistical efficiency.
2. Comparative Analysis of Advantages
| Criterion | Biological Advantage |
|---|---|
| Life Cycle Duration | The pea plant is an annual, allowing Mendel to observe several generations within a relatively short period. [Per principles of experimental temporal efficiency]. |
| Reproductive Biology | Naturally self-pollinating; however, it can be easily cross-pollinated through artificial hybridization (emasculation and dusting). [By Mendelian technique of controlled pollination]. |
| Offspring Yield | Produces a large number of seeds in a single generation, providing a sufficiently large sample size for statistical analysis. [Per the Law of Large Numbers]. |
3. Genetic Characteristics
- Discrete Contradictory Traits: Mendel focused on seven pairs of contrasting characters (e.g., Tall/Dwarf, Violet/White flowers). These traits were clearly distinguishable without intermediate forms, facilitating the categorization of data.
- Homozygosity: Due to continuous self-pollination over generations, the pea plant naturally maintains true-breeding lines, ensuring stable, homozygous genetic backgrounds for experimentation.
4. Visual Representation of Experimental Design
5. Statistical and Methodological Justification
Mendel utilized the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment as his core analytical frameworks. The selection of Pisum sativum allowed for:
- Mathematical Predictability: The presence of dominance and recessiveness allowed for the application of probability ratios (e.g., $3:1$ and $9:3:3:1$), which would be obscured in organisms with incomplete dominance or polygenic inheritance.
- Experimental Control: The anatomy of the pea flower (papilionaceous) protected the reproductive organs, allowing Mendel to prevent accidental cross-pollination.
Final Solution: The selection of the pea plant was advantageous because of its short lifespan, ability to self-pollinate, production of large numbers of offspring, the presence of clearly defined, mutually exclusive contrasting traits, and the ease of manual cross-pollination which allowed Mendel to achieve pure-breeding lines and statistically significant data.
More Questions from Class 12 Biology Principles of Inheritance and Variation EXERCISES
- Q1: Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel.
- Q2(a): Differentiate between the following – (a) Dominance and Recessive
- Q2(a): Differentiate between the following – (a) Dominance and Recessive
- Q2(b): Differentiate between the following – (b) Homozygous and Heterozygous
- Q2(b): Differentiate between the following – (b) Homozygous and Heterozygous
- Q2(c): Differentiate between the following – (c) Monohybrid and Dihybrid.
- Q2(c): Differentiate between the following – (c) Monohybrid and Dihybrid.
- Q3: A diploid organism is heterozygous for 4 loci, how many types of gametes can be produced?
- Q3: A diploid organism is heterozygous for 4 loci, how many types of gametes can be produced?
- Q4: Explain the Law of Dominance using a monohybrid cross.
- Q4: Explain the Law of Dominance using a monohybrid cross.
- Q5: Define and design a test-cross.
- Q5: Define and design a test-cross.
- Q6: Using a Punnett Square, workout the distribution of phenotypic features in the first filial generation after a cross between a homozygous female and a heterozygous male for a single locus.
- Q6: Using a Punnett Square, workout the distribution of phenotypic features in the first filial generation after a cross between a homozygous female and a heterozygous male for a single locus.
- Q7(a): When a cross in made between tall plant with yellow seeds (\(TtYy\)) and tall plant with green seed (\(Ttyy\)), what proportions of phenotype in the offspring could be expected to be (a) tall and green.
- Q7(a): When a cross in made between tall plant with yellow seeds ((TtYy)) and tall plant with green seed ((Ttyy)), what proportions of phenotype in the offspring could be expected to be (a) tall and green.
- Q7(b): When a cross in made between tall plant with yellow seeds (\(TtYy\)) and tall plant with green seed (\(Ttyy\)), what proportions of phenotype in the offspring could be expected to be (b) dwarf and green.
- Q7(b): When a cross in made between tall plant with yellow seeds ((TtYy)) and tall plant with green seed ((Ttyy)), what proportions of phenotype in the offspring could be expected to be (b) dwarf and green.
- Q8: Two heterozygous parents are crossed. If the two loci are linked what would be the distribution of phenotypic features in \(F_{1}\) generation for a dibybrid cross?
- Q8: Two heterozygous parents are crossed. If the two loci are linked what would be the distribution of phenotypic features in (F_{1}) generation for a dibybrid cross?
- Q9: Briefly mention the contribution of T.H. Morgan in genetics.
- Q9: Briefly mention the contribution of T.H. Morgan in genetics.
- Q10: What is pedigree analysis? Suggest how such an analysis, can be useful.
- Q10: What is pedigree analysis? Suggest how such an analysis, can be useful.
- Q11: How is sex determined in human beings?
- Q11: How is sex determined in human beings?
- Q12: A child has blood group O. If the father has blood group A and mother blood group B, work out the genotypes of the parents and the possible genotypes of the other offsprings.
- Q12: A child has blood group O. If the father has blood group A and mother blood group B, work out the genotypes of the parents and the possible genotypes of the other offsprings.
- Q13(a): Explain the following terms with example (a) Co-dominance
- Q13(a): Explain the following terms with example (a) Co-dominance
- Q13(b): Explain the following terms with example (b) Incomplete dominance
- Q13(b): Explain the following terms with example (b) Incomplete dominance
- Q14: What is point mutation? Give one example.
- Q14: What is point mutation? Give one example.
- Q15: Who had proposed the chromosomal theory of the inheritance?
- Q15: Who had proposed the chromosomal theory of the inheritance?
- Q16: Mention any two autosomal genetic disorders with their symptoms.
- Q16: Mention any two autosomal genetic disorders with their symptoms.
CBSE Solutions for Class 12 Biology Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapters in CBSE - Class 12 Biology
- Reproduction in Organisms
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
- Environmental Issues
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