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Q8:
How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?
Solution :
1. Comparative Structural and Functional Analysis
To distinguish between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, we analyze their morphology, innervation, and physiological properties using comparative diagnostic criteria.
| Feature | Skeletal Muscle | Cardiac Muscle |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Attached to skeletal elements (bones). | Exclusive to the wall of the heart (myocardium). |
| Cellular Structure | Cylindrical, non-branched fibers. | Cylindrical, branched fibers. |
| Nucleation | Multinucleated (Syncytial). | Usually uninucleated or binucleated. |
| Intercalated Discs | Absent. | Present (specialized gap junctions). |
| Control Mechanism | Voluntary (Somatic nervous system). | Involuntary (Autonomic nervous system). |
| Fatigue | Easily fatigued. | Non-fatigable (rhythmic contractions). |
2. Schematic Representation of Muscle Morphology
3. Physiological Justifications
Step 1: Structural Differentiation
Skeletal muscles function as discrete, bundled fibers that act independently or in groups to facilitate locomotion [Per the Sliding Filament Theory]. In contrast, cardiac muscle fibers exhibit branching and connectivity via Intercalated Discs. These discs contain gap junctions that allow ionic continuity, ensuring that the heart acts as a functional syncytium where an impulse in one cell triggers contraction in adjacent cells simultaneously.
Step 2: Neural Control Systems
Skeletal muscle fibers receive direct stimulation from motor neurons originating in the central nervous system, allowing for conscious control [Somatic Nervous System]. Cardiac muscles are myogenic; while they are modulated by the autonomic nervous system to adjust heart rate, the rhythm is generated intrinsically by the sinoatrial (SA) node [Myogenic Impulse Conduction].
Step 3: Metabolic Capacity
Cardiac muscle possesses a significantly higher mitochondrial density compared to skeletal muscle. This allows for continuous aerobic respiration, preventing the buildup of lactic acid and enabling the heart to function rhythmically without fatigue over the lifespan of the organism.
Final Solution: The primary distinctions between skeletal and cardiac muscles lie in their cellular architecture (unbranched vs. branched), presence of specialized intercellular junctions (absence vs. presence of intercalated discs), and their fundamental physiological control (voluntary somatic vs. involuntary myogenic rhythmic contraction).
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement EXERCISES
- Q1: Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.
- Q2: Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
- Q3: Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.
- Q4(a): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (a) Actin is present in thin filament
- Q4(b): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments.
- Q4(c): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (c) Human skeleton has 206 bones.
- Q4(d): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.
- Q4(e): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (e) Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body.
- Q5(a): Write the difference between : (a) Actin and Myosin
- Q5(b): Write the difference between : (b) Red and White muscles
- Q5(c): Write the difference between : (c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
- Q6: Match Column I with Column II : Column I Column II (a) Smooth muscle (i) Myoglobin (b) Tropomyosin (ii) Thin filament (c) Red muscle (iii) Sutures (d) Skull (iv) Involuntary
- Q7: What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?
- Q9(a): Name the type of joint between the following:- (a) atlas/axis
- Q9(b): Name the type of joint between the following:- (b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb
- Q9(c): Name the type of joint between the following:- (c) between phalanges
- Q9(d): Name the type of joint between the following:- (d) femur/acetabulum
- Q9(e): Name the type of joint between the following:- (e) between cranial bones
- Q9(f): Name the type of joint between the following:- (f) between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle
- Q10(a): Fill in the blank spaces: (a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra.
- Q10(b): Fill in the blank spaces: (b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________
- Q10(c): Fill in the blank spaces: (c) Thin filament of myofibril contains 2 ‘F’ actins and two other proteins namely __________ and __________.
- Q10(d): Fill in the blank spaces: (d) In a muscle fibre $Ca^{++}$ is stored in __________
- Q10(e): Fill in the blank spaces: (e) __________ and __________ pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.
- Q10(f): Fill in the blank spaces: (f) The human cranium is made of __________ bones.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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