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Q7:
What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?
Solution :
Theoretical Foundation: Cellular Motility in Human Physiology
The human body utilizes various mechanisms of movement at the cellular level to maintain homeostasis, facilitate immune responses, and execute physiological functions. These movements are categorized based on the cytoskeletal machinery and specialized organelles involved. [Per the principles of cell biology, these movements are essential for intracellular transport, morphogenesis, and organismal locomotion.]
Step 1: Amoeboid Movement
Amoeboid movement is characterized by the formation of pseudopodia (false feet) through the streaming of protoplasm. This is driven by the dynamic assembly and disassembly of actin microfilaments within the cytoskeleton.
- Location: Primarily exhibited by leukocytes (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) and specialized cells like phagocytes.
- Mechanism: The cell undergoes local gel-sol transitions of the cytoplasm, allowing the cell to "crawl" or engulf pathogens.
Step 2: Ciliary Movement
This movement occurs in cells possessing hair-like projections called cilia, which arise from the centriole-like structure known as the basal body. The coordinated, rhythmic beating of cilia is facilitated by the $9+2$ microtubule arrangement.
- Location: Trachea, bronchi, and the female reproductive tract (oviducts).
- Function: In the respiratory tract, it serves to remove trapped dust particles and foreign matter in the mucus. In the oviducts, it facilitates the movement of the ovum toward the uterus.
Step 3: Flagellar Movement
Flagella are longer, whip-like extensions of the cell membrane. Similar to cilia, they possess the $9+2$ microtubule arrangement but exhibit a different, wave-like propulsive motion.
- Location: Human spermatozoa.
- Function: It provides the necessary kinetic energy for the sperm to swim through the female reproductive tract to reach the ovum, which is critical for fertilization.
Step 4: Muscular Movement
This is the most specialized form of movement, involving the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers. It is dependent on the sliding filament mechanism involving actin and myosin contractile proteins.
- Location: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Function: Enables locomotion, changes in body posture, blood circulation, and the movement of visceral organs (e.g., peristalsis in the alimentary canal).
Comparison Summary Table
| Type of Movement | Primary Cytoskeletal Element | Key Example |
|---|---|---|
| Amoeboid | Actin Microfilaments | Macrophages |
| Ciliary | Microtubules ($9+2$) | Tracheal Epithelium |
| Flagellar | Microtubules ($9+2$) | Spermatozoa |
| Muscular | Actin & Myosin Filaments | Biceps, Heart |
Final Solution: The cells of the human body exhibit four primary types of movement: Amoeboid (movement via pseudopodia, e.g., leukocytes), Ciliary (rhythmic beating of cilia, e.g., tracheal lining), Flagellar (propulsion by flagella, e.g., spermatozoa), and Muscular (contraction via sliding filaments, e.g., skeletal and cardiac muscles).
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement EXERCISES
- Q1: Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.
- Q2: Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
- Q3: Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.
- Q4(a): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (a) Actin is present in thin filament
- Q4(b): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments.
- Q4(c): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (c) Human skeleton has 206 bones.
- Q4(d): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.
- Q4(e): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (e) Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body.
- Q5(a): Write the difference between : (a) Actin and Myosin
- Q5(b): Write the difference between : (b) Red and White muscles
- Q5(c): Write the difference between : (c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
- Q6: Match Column I with Column II : Column I Column II (a) Smooth muscle (i) Myoglobin (b) Tropomyosin (ii) Thin filament (c) Red muscle (iii) Sutures (d) Skull (iv) Involuntary
- Q8: How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?
- Q9(a): Name the type of joint between the following:- (a) atlas/axis
- Q9(b): Name the type of joint between the following:- (b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb
- Q9(c): Name the type of joint between the following:- (c) between phalanges
- Q9(d): Name the type of joint between the following:- (d) femur/acetabulum
- Q9(e): Name the type of joint between the following:- (e) between cranial bones
- Q9(f): Name the type of joint between the following:- (f) between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle
- Q10(a): Fill in the blank spaces: (a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra.
- Q10(b): Fill in the blank spaces: (b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________
- Q10(c): Fill in the blank spaces: (c) Thin filament of myofibril contains 2 ‘F’ actins and two other proteins namely __________ and __________.
- Q10(d): Fill in the blank spaces: (d) In a muscle fibre $Ca^{++}$ is stored in __________
- Q10(e): Fill in the blank spaces: (e) __________ and __________ pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.
- Q10(f): Fill in the blank spaces: (f) The human cranium is made of __________ bones.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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