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Q5(a):
Write the difference between :
(a) Actin and Myosin
Solution :
Given Variables & Initial Setup
In the physiology of muscle contraction, Actin and Myosin function as the primary contractile proteins within the sarcomere, the functional unit of striated muscle. Their interaction, governed by the Sliding Filament Theory, facilitates muscle shortening.
Step 1: Comparative Analysis of Structural and Functional Characteristics
The following table delineates the biochemical and structural distinctions between Actin (the thin filament) and Myosin (the thick filament).
| Feature | Actin (Thin Filament) | Myosin (Thick Filament) |
|---|---|---|
| Protein Nature | Composed of F-actin polymer, troponin, and tropomyosin. | Composed of polymerized myosin molecules (meromyosin). |
| Molecular Composition | Two F-actin filaments helically wound. | Heavy meromyosin (HMM) forming head/cross-arm and light meromyosin (LMM) forming tail. |
| Active Sites | Contains binding sites for myosin heads, typically covered by tropomyosin in resting state. | Contains an ATP-binding site and an actin-binding site on the globular head. |
| Enzymatic Activity | Lacks enzymatic activity; serves as a structural scaffold. | Possesses ATPase activity for hydrolyzing $ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i$. |
Step 2: Theoretical Justification of Interaction
According to the Sliding Filament Theory [Huxley & Niedergerke, 1954], locomotion occurs when:
- The globular head of the myosin molecule binds to the active site on the actin filament, forming a cross-bridge.
- This interaction is enabled by the release of $Ca^{2+}$ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which binds to troponin to shift tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites on actin.
- The hydrolysis of $ATP$ provides the energy for the "power stroke," pulling the thin filaments toward the center of the A-band.
Step 3: Visual Representation of Sarcomeric Architecture
Final Solution: Actin is a globular contractile protein that forms thin filaments which provide the binding surface for cross-bridge formation, while Myosin is a fibrous motor protein that forms thick filaments, providing the enzymatic ATPase activity and structural force required for sliding filament movement.
More Questions from Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement EXERCISES
- Q1: Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.
- Q2: Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
- Q3: Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.
- Q4(a): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (a) Actin is present in thin filament
- Q4(b): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments.
- Q4(c): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (c) Human skeleton has 206 bones.
- Q4(d): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.
- Q4(e): Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true. (e) Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body.
- Q5(b): Write the difference between : (b) Red and White muscles
- Q5(c): Write the difference between : (c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle
- Q6: Match Column I with Column II : Column I Column II (a) Smooth muscle (i) Myoglobin (b) Tropomyosin (ii) Thin filament (c) Red muscle (iii) Sutures (d) Skull (iv) Involuntary
- Q7: What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?
- Q8: How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?
- Q9(a): Name the type of joint between the following:- (a) atlas/axis
- Q9(b): Name the type of joint between the following:- (b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb
- Q9(c): Name the type of joint between the following:- (c) between phalanges
- Q9(d): Name the type of joint between the following:- (d) femur/acetabulum
- Q9(e): Name the type of joint between the following:- (e) between cranial bones
- Q9(f): Name the type of joint between the following:- (f) between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle
- Q10(a): Fill in the blank spaces: (a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra.
- Q10(b): Fill in the blank spaces: (b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________
- Q10(c): Fill in the blank spaces: (c) Thin filament of myofibril contains 2 ‘F’ actins and two other proteins namely __________ and __________.
- Q10(d): Fill in the blank spaces: (d) In a muscle fibre $Ca^{++}$ is stored in __________
- Q10(e): Fill in the blank spaces: (e) __________ and __________ pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.
- Q10(f): Fill in the blank spaces: (f) The human cranium is made of __________ bones.
CBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Locomotion and Movement
Chapters in CBSE - Class 11 Biology
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Division
- Transport in Plants
- Mineral Nutrition
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Digestion and Absorption
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and Elimination
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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